ÿWPC s1¾Žç=fqÁpâGJûï«ftÈÈýàljse÷ÿ=R¦Ó?é&î:UÐ/YÕÁŠc¹¤¡Ü 3óev uoKãäÎTiš¬³÷Éú>“i¹[)2¶)óŒ]]'#œ&±Þ¿jM×À¾W!d>ȯB“\¤gÏø!p±Ö¾éÂ?6°ã×ÕÍj Ø9и‡ë'¥[”£øѶ˜ÞÊG¦9Î…” ÔbYí§=O]6ÛŒšð ö8šeú ÓJ*ïgYyL~a‘Ä;C>Ò!ü\V¼PÝ›g ñ%ž´š11 èhoHT="Ûb¿¼@h°5&íïF¸ î±ˆ’õlÜø¦ %ʳϤ;ÐA¢¼#:IaWãZË% Ó$©$È$]þ:uõ9ý•‹2¿ÄåZGbt…­RãÇ[¡ªØåšbe0Ÿyö–er±~éÒùÝ »³ 7)±¤tH6Äåf,e’÷IÊ Õå†Eö7Ë|fÊ‹-o7+)|^Bà”Ö(‘óߢ «Qo›e6¸É•Sü-ê©'H—<©:èTco=ÔÒ‚E˜–·h™v4ž/gZ0öþôIe[Žõ #!¶U:× % 0(w@?4“¢ m¤N»^ ½UNɘHP LaserJet 2200 Series PS (MS)ØÈÈØØÈØÈ0-•ŸzAZ‹"Arial Regularõ($¡¡ ƒ.„.E….†.E‡.ˆ.‰.EŠ.‹.EŒ.Ç{Ð.¼¤†3|xŒ.ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀÝ£/2‰(ÖÃ9 Z‹6Times New Roman RegularÝ ƒ!ÝÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ8€ì®õõdÂdÈ8Ñò òÔ€X'îXõõÔÔ€ XšXXX'îÔÔ‡  ¸!X XšÔÓ  ÓSummary€of€ñƒ.ñPñƒ.ñroposed€ñ„.ñwñ„.ññ†.ññ….ñPñ….ññ†.ññ‡.ñWñ‡.ñork:€Anaphora€in€African€Languages€Ð ° ÐÔ#† XšX! ¸¤#Ôó óÔ‡ ¼C(»X XšÔKen€Ô_ÔSafirÔ_Ô,€Principal€Investigatorò òó 󀄀NSF€grant:€Ô_ÔBCSÔ_Ô„0303447Ô#† XšX» ¼C(v#ÔÐ ì< ÐÓÃÓÌ(This€is€a€revised€version€of€the€short€project€statement€provided€to€NSF€in€connection€with€theÏextension€of€NSF€Ô_ÔBCSÔ_Ô„0303447,€which€was€awarded€in€the€spring€of€2004.€The€NSF€linguisticsÏprogram€funded€our€project€with€a€Small€Grant€for€Exploratory€Research,€Ô_ÔSGERÔ_Ô,€which€isÏdesigned€as€a€way€to€provide€small€amounts€of€funds€to€get€new€projects€started.)ÌÌà  àThe€goal€of€this€study€is€to€expand€our€understanding€of€theoretically€revealing€empiricalÏpatterns€of€anaphora€in€ñ‰.ñAfrican€ñ‰.ññŠ.ñthe€noñŠ.ññ‹.ññŠ.ñoñŠ.ññ‹.ññŒ.ñn„colonial€Ô_ÔñŒ.ñlanguagesñˆ.ñÔ_Ô€of€Africañˆ.ñ€and€to€create€a€web„based€platformÏfor€research€into€these€and€other€questions€of€linguistic€interest.€Ìà  àTheoretical€work€inspired€by€the€distribution€of€anaphora€in€natural€language€has€been€aÏmajor€engine€for€innovation€in€linguistics€for€over€30€years.€Although€anaphora€has€been€studiedÏin€a€few€African€languages,€none€of€these€languages€have€received€the€kind€of€detailed€study€thatÏhas€been€focused€on€some€of€the€major€languages€of€€Europe€and€Asia.€Many€of€the€mostÏtheoretically€interesting€aspects€of€anaphora€that€depend€on€subtle€structural€and€interpretiveÏdistinctions€have€only€been€uncovered€by€state€of€the€art€research.€For€the€most€part,€this€newÏexpertise€has€not€yet€been€applied€in€detail€to€the€anaphora€of€any€African€language€and€thisÏproject€is€designed€to€fill€this€gap€in€our€knowledge.€If€we€succeed€in€developing€a€web€site€thatÏserves€as€a€repository€for€thick€descriptions€of€the€anaphoric€patterns€of€an€every€wideningÏvariety€of€African€languages,€we€expect€it€will€be€exploited€by€theoreticians€seeking€newÏgeneralizations€therebyòò€óócatalyzing€innovative€advances€in€the€study€of€anaphoraòò.óó€Ð ‚Ò Ðà  àThe€empirical€research€will€be€guided€in€part€by€extensions€of€some€of€the€novelÏtheoretical€proposals€developed€in€Ô_ÔSafirÔ_Ô€(2004a)€and€Ô_ÔSafirÔ_Ô€(2004b),òò€óóthe€success€of€which€can€onlyÐ Zª Ðbe€ascertained€on€the€basis€detailed€empirical€research€of€the€sort€envisioned.€However,€neitherÏthe€presentation€of€the€data€nor€its€collection€is€designed€to€confirm€or€refute€any€particularÏtheoretical€approach.€One€somewhat€novel€aspect€of€òòóóhis€project€is€that€it€relies€crucially€onÐ n Ðcooperation€and€collaboration€of€native€speaker€linguists€as€our€source€of€primary€data,€relyingÏon€their€linguistic€training€and€insight€both€to€interpret€our€elicitation€materials€and€guide€ourÏattention€to€issues€of€interest.€In€so€doing€our€project€is€intended€to€bring€the€work€of€linguistsÏcurrently€under„represented€in€theoretical€discourse€to€a€wide€audience€of€€linguists,€bothÏÔ_ÔcomparativistsÔ_Ô€and€theoreticians.€Moreover,€we€believe€that€the€time€is€right€for€a€project€likeÏours€because€the€dissemination€of€linguistic€training€(both€in€Africa€and€outside€of€it)€is€creatingÏa€growing€pool€of€potential€participants€to€our€project,€and€access€to€computers€and€theÏworldwide€web,€even€when€such€access€is€intermittent,€is€enough€for€participants€to€interact€withÏus€in€a€timely€fashion,€often€in€spite€of€other€complicated€logistical€barriers€(such€asÏdysfunctional€postal€systems).òòóóÐ V&¦!$ Ðà  àWithin€the€period€this€grant€has€covered€so€far,€the€principal€investigator,€Ken€Ô_ÔSafirÔ_Ô,€hasÏdeveloped€and€completed€the€non„language€specific€anaphora€questionnaire€(Ô_ÔAQÔ_Ô)€described€inÏthe€initial€project€statement€(see€the€Ô_ÔAQÔ_Ô€for€discussion€of€how€it€was€put€together).€The€Ô_ÔAQÔ_Ô€is€notÏdesigned€for€querying€naive€informants,€but€is€rather€targeted€for€native€speaker€professionalÏlinguists€whose€expertise€is€counted€on€for€effective€data„gathering.€Prior€to€the€ñ.ñFourth€ñ.ñWorldÏCongress€of€African€Linguistics,€which€met€at€Rutgers€University€in€June,€2003,€we€recruitedÐ Þ+.'* Ðmore€than€30€linguist€consultants€who€were€planning€to€attend€the€conference€to€work€with€us.ÏUnfortunately,€10€of€the€original€30€could€not€attend€the€conference€and€of€14€who€completed€aÏportion€of€the€form,€only€four€developed€complete€responses€and€participated€in€follow„up€in€theÏmonths€that€followedñ€.ñ€(although€we€remain€in€contact€with€several€of€the€others)ñ€.ñ.€One€nativeÏspeaker€linguist€consultant€not€at€the€conference€was€recruited€soon€after.€Uncertain€of€ourÏfunding€after€December,€2003,€we€stopped€recruiting€new€consultants€and€concentrated€onÏdeveloping€the€case€files€for€€Yoruba,€Ô_ÔBukusuÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔUrhoboÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔCiNsengaÔ_Ô,€and€Berber€as€a€means€ofÏrefining€our€methodology€and€presentation.€If€new€funding€is€forthcoming,€we€are€prepared€toÏñ.ñengage€new€consultants,€to€ñ.ñdevelop€new€case€files,€to€formulate€new€(additional)€questionnaires,Ïand€to€develop€our€provisional€web€site€into€a€more€interactive€research€platform.Ìà  àThe€project€as€it€has€developed€so€far€has€proceeded€in€three€stages€of€work:€Recruitment,Ïfollow„up,€and€presentation.€Recruitment€has€been€described€above€and€has€proceeded€sinceÏÔ_ÔWOCALÔ_Ô€4€by€a€flier€at€conference€and€word€of€mouth.€This€modest€outreach€has€brought€a€muchÏgreater€response€than€we€can€respond€to,€and€as€a€result,€we€have€turned€away€potentialÏparticipants€with€a€pledge€to€Ô_ÔrecontactÔ_Ô€them€if€our€funding€assures€both€that€we€can€remunerateÏthem€for€their€participation,€and€that€we€have€the€time€and€staff€resources€to€evaluate€what€theyÏsend€us.Ìà  àIn€the€follow„up€stage,€(1)€the€PI€analyzes€the€questionnaire€responses,€looking€for€gapsÏor€misunderstandings€in€the€data€developed€so€far,€(2)€the€PI€identifies€patterns€and/orÏphenomena€that€are€particularly€interesting€as€manifested€in€the€language€in€question€andÏdevelops€further€queries€designed€to€examine€said€patterns/phenomena,€(3)€the€PI€or€caseworkersÏsend€the€new€queries€to€our€consultant(s)€and€a€back„and„forth€proceeds€until€the€queries€areÏconcluded€and€returned€to€the€PI€(4)€the€PI€and€the€assistant€director€prepare€a€presentation€of€theÏdata€for€the€subject€language€case€file.€The€heart€of€the€case€file€presentation€is€the€completedÏÔ_ÔAQÔ_Ô,€with€translations€and€glosses€for€all€of€the€Ô_ÔAQÔ_Ô€queries,€some€based€on€English€sentencesÏprovided,€others€involving€sentences€that€the€native€speaker€consultant€is€asked€to€produce,€alongÏwith€interlinear€commentary€by€both€the€consultant€and€the€project€staff€pertinent€toÏunderstanding€various€details€of€the€Ô_ÔAQÔ_Ô€responses.€The€case€file€also€includes€a€grammar€sketchÏof€the€subject€language€(often€prepared€by€our€native€speaker€linguist€consultants),€a€sketch€of€theÏanaphora€system€in€the€subject€language,€summarizing€some€analytic€conclusions€on€the€basis€ofÏthe€Ô_ÔAQÔ_Ô€responses€and€flagging€interesting€analytic€and€theoretical€issues€for€further€investigationÏ(prepared€by€the€PI,€our€linguist€consultant,€or€a€collaboration€of€the€two)€and€also€a€selectÏbibliography€on€the€subject€language,€usually€prepared€by€our€linguist€consultant.Ìà  àWhen€the€follow„up€stage€is€complete,€as€it€nearly€is€now€for€most€of€our€first€five€cases,Ïthe€PI€and€the€assistant€director€turn€to€what€needs€to€be€done€to€present€the€language€cases€andÏthe€site€in€general€to€users€in€the€most€accommodating€way.€To€facilitate€Ô_ÔcrosslinguisticÔ_ÔÏcomparison,€we€plan€to€use€the€section€numbers€of€the€questionnaire€as€the€key€comparativeÏmotif€along€with€a€glossary€of€terms€that€also€serve€as€keywords€(as€opposed€to€a€simple€searchÏfunction,€which€will€also€be€available).€For€example,€we€plan€to€provide€a€split„screen€functionÏthat€permits€case€sections€to€be€compared€side„by„side,€and€a€keyword€function€will€identifyÏsection€numbers€for€every€language€case€that€the€keyword€matches€(e.g.,€"Ô_ÔbodypartÔ_Ô€reflexive"Ïmay€call€up€a€list€of€languages€that€have€body€part€reflexives€with€section€numbers€where€theÏmatter€is€discussed€for€each€language€that€has€the€phenomenon).€Some€keyword€matches€willÏhave€narrowing€functions€that€are€informed€by€a€particular€theoretical€interest,€such€as€"localityÐ T,¤'+ Ðdomain",€which€might€present€the€reader€with€a€set€of€options€for€domain€size,€then€permitting€aÏsearch€that€will€call€up€every€language€that€exhibits€a€form€sensitive€to€a€locality€domain€of€theÏrelevant€size€(with€references€to€the€relevant€section€numbers€for€each€language).€These€tools€areÏnot€yet€available,€but€we€look€forward€to€developing€them€if€our€funding€continues.Ìà  àIn€addition€to€presentation€of€the€language€cases€and€a€guide€to€how€the€site€can€be€used,Ïwe€intend€to€develop€the€site€as€a€platform€for€research€on€related€topics,€as€a€means€ofÏdisseminating€research€based€on€our€data€base€to€the€community€of€interested€researchersÏ(through€a€series€of€online€technical€reports),€as€a€recruitment€port€for€those€who€are€willing€toÏrespond€to€the€questionnaires€we€develop€online,€and€as€a€meeting€place€for€scholars€who€canÏcome€to€know€of€each€other€and€get€in€touch€with€each€other€through€our€site.€We€anticipate€thatÏthe€methods€we€employ€for€the€study€of€anaphora€may€prove€useful€for€the€study€of€other€issues,Ïand€so€we€offer€our€anaphora€study€as€a€paradigm€for€studies€of€other€empirical€issues€ofÏlinguistic€interest.€With€respect€to€our€focus€on€anaphora,€we€are€also€considering€improvementsÏin€our€data„gathering€questionnaires€to€facilitate€less€supervised€work€or€else€to€explore€particularÏareas€of€interest€in€follow„up€work.€As€an€example€of€the€latter,€we€are€developing€a€follow„upÏquestionnaire€which€explores€Ô_ÔlogophoricityÔ_Ô€in€detail,€intended€for€use€once€we€discover,€on€theÏbasis€of€our€initial€questionnaire,€that€a€given€language€shows€a€morphological€distinction€of€thisÏkind.€If€our€resources€permit,€we€would€also€like€to€develop€French€language€materials.€Ìà  àWe€anticipate€that€a€provisional€site€will€open€for€select€inspection€and€evaluation€byÏFebruary€15,€2005€and€that€the€site€will€be€made€visible€to€search€engines€sometime€in€March,Ï2005.€At€that€time€many€functions€of€the€site€other€than€the€presentation€of€the€case€files€will€stillÏbe€in€the€planning€stage,€but€these€plans€will€also€be€described€on€the€site€and€public€discussionÏwill€be€invited.