ÿWPCb  s‹*\Z¾„6/u>o±m…6/Ù™JR„Nae³ÿ=‡óañ2žÐDaäÝ`ÈÍ[$‘uQÂZµ„~;ÝФçVs€w/úöEµ¶ä±L-c¤½ðÛf‡‹ÔÅÜr)õŽ ®ìpµdÅmëû ö« Y¬ü_ä !TĽ~0EÏv ñÛzŸîí0sý‚÷‰à€NU&ø¼)‡&¥¦]ß™l0Vì u°oÉ#Øíg¬÷²„î¤L‘ùÏÕ¡‡(‚DS@kŽ[«y«LsÖêãŒ™Þ `±Ú®ÍÌ>`µw7ÇÉÊ»¤¢ôiõ&ñý.r– ’ šU㧲»dò„½Ö¶ Aç 9Ct)-¶'Ù}\oƒ_ àJabgAùì2¯y‘´K"´¢5ÔüŽ=,÷÷'g×”.µž ÜšÜ !š¬ú5$b…›z‹ÀGû78®›=F[À{bx§Â µ©+8i³ìmF9¬åÀ@”oµ·çlL¬S ]…kÏ‹¥O!_ػݸßÙ”Ánd3[ÿ˜Pu}~•‡LpƼZEˆÿc3ùó(ÑT½š „ß9¿nð‰˜ƒâ’´:ªýÖ §ïýÆ4ß»Ãá!£=KîPÕ⪘iŸ¦Ç(zXB#ÉRU: %U 0([Nƒw…4‰ mŸ 1u¶ 0c+BŽ 0NÐB 72`UN’bà^ ä$ð U>$ #|x˜HP LaserJet 1100 (MS)ðð,,,,ðð0-•ŸzAZ‹"Arial Regularõ($¡¡8–}2ing¨#‡*ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ3#37=CIQYag­­1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)(;3£$´´Ô2#ÔÚ  Ú0Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0  àmailto:afranaph@rci.rutgers.edu.(ÍO$——ÔÿÔòòóóÔÿÔmailto:afranaph@rci.rutgers.edu. i)(ÖÃ9 Z‹6Times New Roman Regular1´»2î  Ù  ÙØØhttp://ô\  `‹&Times New RomanÝ ƒ!ÝÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÙÙÔ€XOXõõÔÑ8€•õõdÂdÈ8ÑÔ€X$$XXXOÔÑ€¿Ñ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Version€2.1:€June€1,€2005Ð ° ÐÌò òÔ‡ “õXX$$ÔÓ  ÓAnaphora€in€the€African€Languages€„€QuestionnaireÔ#†X$$X “õd#Ôó óÐ ˆØ ÐNSF€grants:€Ô_ÔBCSÔ_Ô„0303447,€Ô_ÔBCS„0523102Ô_ÔÐ Â ÐÓƒÓÌò òIntroductionó óÐ š ê ÐÌà  àThank€you€for€agreeing€to€help€us€build€a€cross-linguistic€database€on€the€Ô_ÔtypologyÔ_Ô€ofÐ r  Ðanaphoric€relations€in€the€non„colonial€languages€of€Africa.€Our€research€goal,€supported€by€theÐ ^ ® ÐNational€Science€Foundation€(USA),€is€to€collect€rich,€relevant,€quality€information€about€eachÐ J š  Ðsubject€language€included€in€the€database€to€facilitate€the€work€of€those€involved€in€linguisticÐ 6†  Ðresearch€both€into€the€nature€and€understanding€of€understudied€languages,€as€well€as€into€theÐ "r  Ðnature€of€Ô_ÔcrosslinguisticÔ_Ô€variation.€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ð ^  ÐÌà  àIn€order€to€accomplish€these€goals€we€will€rely€not€only€on€your€knowledge€of€the€subjectÐ æ6  Ðlanguage,€but€also€on€your€skills€as€a€linguist.€In€many€cases€we€simply€ask€you€to€translateÐ Ò" Ðcertain€sentences€into€the€subject€language€and€evaluate€the€acceptability€of€the€results.€But€inÐ ¾ Ðmany€other€instances€we€will€ask€you€to€identify€relevant€examples€or€grammatical€constructions;Ð ªú Ðwe€will€then€try€to€guide€you,€through€the€questionnaire,€in€testing€the€construction€you€haveÐ –æ Ðidentified€with€respect€to€the€matters€that€our€database€should€represent.Ð ‚Ò ÐÌà  àOur€goal€is€to€provide€researchers€with€rich€and€accurate€descriptions€and€informedÐ Zª Ðanalysis,€a€lofty€goal€that€will€not€be€easy€to€attain€without€talented€contributors.€In€many€cases,Ð F– Ðfor€those€languages€on€which€we€choose€to€do€follow€up€research,€our€consultants€will€becomeÐ 2‚ Ðnot€only€sophisticated€informants,€but€collaborators€in€the€research€that€we€make€available€to€theÐ n Ðpublic€at€our€web€site.€You€may€remain€anonymous€if€you€wish,€but€we€hope€that€you€will€agreeÐ  Z Ðto€be€identified€so€that€we€can€acknowledge€your€contribution€on€our€web€site,€which€has€beenÐ öF Ðaccessible€in€provisional€form€at€Ô4‚Ý ÔÝ‚ÍOÝÔÿÔòòÝ  ÝÔ5  Ôhttp://www.africananaphora.rutgers.edu/€Ô6 ÔÝ‚ÍO' ƒÝóóÔÿÔÝ  ÝÔ7Ý àU Ôsince€January,€2005.Ð â2 ÐÌà  àNo€questionnaire€could€fully€anticipate€the€complexities€of€languages€unfamiliar€to€theÐ º  Ðquestionnaire€designers€and€so€to€facilitate€comparison,€we€are€asking€questions€about€veryÐ ¦ ö Ðdifferent€sorts€of€languages€in€the€same€way;€accordingly,€we€provide€ample€opportunity€for€youÐ ’!â Ðto€explain€if€a€question€is€inappropriate€or€misleading.€In€some€cases,€if€we€have€the€time€inÐ ~"Î  Ðadvance,€we€will€try€to€examine€what€references€we€can€find€and€add€some€notes€pertaining€toÐ j#º! Ðthe€language€we€are€collecting€information€about,€but€this€is€not€likely€to€be€the€general€case.Ð V$¦" ÐPlease€feel€free€to€provide€as€much€additional€commentary€about€your€language€as€you€think€willÐ B%’ # Ðbe€useful€to€the€task€at€hand.€We€know,€however,€that€the€task€we€ask€of€you€is€already€a€greatÐ .&~!$ Ðimposition,€as€well€as€an€opportunity,€and€we€hope€that€most€of€your€energy€will€be€directedÐ 'j"% Ðtoward€providing€us€with€answers€to€the€questionnaire€that€are€as€complete€as€you€can€manage.Ð (V#& ÐÌò òAbout€the€questionnaireó óÐ Þ).%( ÐÌà  àThis€questionnaire€is€loosely€based€on€a€questionnaire€originally€designed€by€AlexisÐ ¶+'* ÐÔ_ÔDimitriadisÔ_Ô€and€Martin€Ô_ÔEveraertÔ_Ô€of€Utrecht€OTS€(and€adapted€from€theirs€with€their€permission).Ð ° ÐI,€Ken€Ô_ÔSafirÔ_Ô,€have€extensively€revised€the€questionnaire€to€better€reflect€the€research€goals€asÐ œì Ðdefined€in€NSF€grant€BCS„0303447,€a€project€statement€for€which€is€available€at€my€web€siteÐ ˆØ Ð(accessible€through€the€Rutgers€Linguistics€web€site)€or€available€in€a€hard€copy€abstract€(if€youÐ tÄ Ðreceive€this€by€mail€it€may€be€enclosed).Ð `° ÐÌà  àOur€goal€is€to€collect€information€on€all€"strategies"€that€your€language€uses€to€expressÐ 8 ˆ Ðanaphoric€relations,€particularly€reflexive€and€reciprocal€local€anaphoric€relations€and€logophoricÐ $ t Ðrelations,€but€also€bound€variable€relations,€and€we€shall€clarify€what€we€mean€by€all€of€theseÐ  ` Ðterms.€We€use€the€term€"anaphoric€relation"€in€its€most€general€sense€to€mean€any€relationshipÐ ü L  Ðbetween€nominals€that€results€in€construing€them€as€the€same€referent€or€variable.€Often€we€willÐ è 8  Ðuse€the€relatively€neutral€term€"coconstrual",€or€we€may€use€the€historically€more€typical€termÐ Ô$  Ð"coreference".€We€reserve€the€term€"anaphor"€for€those€forms€that€must€be€dependent€on€aÐ À  Ðsyntactic€antecedent€or€a€very€specific€discourse€relation€„€we€will€not€use€the€term€anaphor€forÐ ¬ü  Ðany€form€that€can€be€used€with€a€pointing€gesture€to€pick€out€a€figure€coming€into€view€(as€inÐ ˜è  Ðstandard€English,€òòLook,€it's€him!óó,€but€not€*òòLook,€it's€himself!óó).€A€pronoun€that€does€not€require€aÐ „Ô  Ðsyntactic€antecedent€will€be€called€an€"independent€pronoun",€as€in€òòMary€saw€òòhimóóóó,€though€ofÐ pÀ Ðcourse,€otherwise€independent€pronouns€can€also€be€used€to€establish€an€anaphoric€relation,€as€inÐ \¬ ÐòòòòJohnóó€says€that€you€love€òòhimóóóó.€We€will€refer€to€the€language€for€which€you€are€completing€thisÐ H˜ Ðquestionnaire€as€"the€subject€language",€or€simply€"your€language".€We€use€the€term€"strategy"Ð 4„ Ð(rather€than,€say,€"anaphor"€or€"reflexive€morpheme"),€because€it€is€not€always€possible€toÐ  p Ðidentify€a€specific€word€or€morpheme€that€can€be€said€to€be€the€reflexive€or€the€reciprocal,€etc.€„Ð  \ Ðsometimes€it€is€a€construction.€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ð øH ÐÌà  àPart€of€our€focus€is€to€study€any€construction€involving€very€local€coreference,€includingÐ Ð  Ðbound€coreference,€between€two€arguments€of€a€predicate.€Each€grammatical€device€the€languageÐ ¼  Ðcan€use€to€express€such€a€relationship€is€called€a€"local€coreference€strategy",€or€"strategy"€forÐ ¨ø Ðshort.€A€typical€version€of€what€counts€as€a€reflexive€relationship€is€one€like€òòCarl€criticizedÐ ”ä Ðhimselfóó,€where€a€transitive€verb€gives€the€reading€that€X€acts€on€X.€A€typical€version€of€aÐ €Ð Ðreciprocal€relation€is€òòThe€two€men€criticized€each€otheróó,€where€Y€acts€on€X€and€X€acts€on€Y,€butÐ l¼ Ðneither€X€nor€Y€criticizes€himself.€To€establish€contrasts€between€local€and€Ô_ÔnonlocalÔ_Ô€strategies,Ð X ¨ Ðand€between€reflexive€and€reciprocal€strategies,€we€will€often€ask€how€the€same€sorts€of€relationsÐ D!” Ðare€expressed€when€the€coreferent€terms€are€not€arguments€of€the€same€predicate,€and€in€someÐ 0"€  Ðcases€languages€may€draw€different€boundaries,€as€expressed€in€their€morphology,€between€whatÐ #l! Ðis€a€local€relationship€and€what€is€a€non„local€one.€In€addition€to€contrasts€between€reciprocal€andÐ $X" Ðreflexive,€local€and€non„local€strategies,€we€also€intend€to€explore€forms€of€coconstrual€that€mayÐ ô$D # Ðnot€exactly€match€the€description€of€reflexives€or€reciprocals€or€else€involve€more€than€justÐ à%0!$ Ðreflexive€or€reciprocal€meaning.€All€of€these€distinctions€and€phenomena€will€be€described€in€theÐ Ì&"% Ðquestionnaire,€so€I€will€not€go€into€detail€here.Ð ¸'#& ÐÌà  àThe€questionnaire€begins€with€some€general€questions€about€the€language€and€the€sourceÐ )à$( Ðof€the€information€(you).€The€second€section€of€the€questionnaire€is€designed€to€elicit€an€initial,Ð |*Ì%) Ðvery€general,€description€and€inventory€of€coreference€strategies.€Not€all€of€section€2€will€appearÐ h+¸&* Ðdirectly€in€our€presentation€of€the€data€you€give€us,€but€it€is€an€exploratory€section€designed€toÐ T,¤'+ Ðhelp€you€map€out€what€we€need€to€pay€attention€to€in€your€language.€€Subsequent€sections€areÐ ° Ðintended€to€assist€you€in€fleshing€out€some€details€and€boundaries€of€the€strategies,€and€parts€ofÐ œì Ðthese€sections€may€encourage€you€to€develop€some€very€specific€information€that€may€be€ofÐ ˆØ Ðinterest€to€linguistic€research.€The€more€specific€the€guide,€the€more€likely€it€is€that€your€skills€asÐ tÄ Ða€linguist€may€be€required€to€get€the€sense€of€what€we€are€after.€This€is€especially€the€caseÐ `° Ðbecause€our€suggestions€about€how€to€proceed€may€be€too€general€to€provide€specific€models€ofÐ L œ Ðthe€sorts€of€sentences€that€are€most€linguistically€revealing€for€your€language.Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌà  àWe€do€not€expect€that€all€informants€will€find€all€sections€of€the€questionnaire€as€easy€toÐ  ` Ðfill€out€as€others,€and€we€would€be€happy€to€have€as€many€sections€of€the€questionnaire€filled€outÐ ü L  Ðas€you€are€able€to€provide.€If€you€notice€that€some€of€the€strategies€that€are€described€in€theÐ è 8  Ðquestionnaire€do€not€correspond€to€anything€in€your€language,€please€let€us€know,€as€negativeÐ Ô$  Ðinformation€is€also€useful.Ð À  ÐÌà  àWe€would€like€to€stress€a€few€aspects€of€what€we€hope€you€will€be€able€to€provide€for€us.Ð ˜è  ÐFirst,€we€will€usually€need€you€to€formulate€sentences€(directed€translations€of€those€given€for€aÐ „Ô  Ðparticular€strategy)€that€are€not€acceptable,€not€just€a€report€of€those€that€are.€As€I€just€noted,Ð pÀ Ðnegative€evidence€is€an€important€part€of€our€descriptive€task,€and€one€that€serves€the€purposes€ofÐ \¬ Ðtheorists€perhaps€more€than€it€would€those€putting€together€a€description€for€pedagogical€uses.Ð H˜ ÐWe€also€ask€you€to€be€very€conscientious€about€aligning€your€translations€with€our€exampleÐ 4„ Ðnumbers.€If€there€is€more€than€one€translation€for€a€sentence€on€the€questionnaire€(and€I€expectÐ  p Ðthis€will€often€be€the€case),€then€please€give€them€all€the€example€number€of€the€translatedÐ  \ Ðsentence,€but€distinguish€them€by€lower€case€Roman€numerals€(e.g.,€if€there€is€more€than€oneÐ øH Ðtranslation€of€C12,€then€give€them€as€C12ai,€C12aii,€C12aiii...).€Sometimes€it€will€be€appropriateÐ ä4 Ðto€provide€a€sentence€that€does€not€correspond€to€a€translation€of€any€of€those€on€theÐ Ð  Ðquestionnaire,€and€if€you€are€moved€to€do€this,€that's€a€good€thing,€but€just€make€sure€that€youÐ ¼  Ðindicate€that€it€does€not€correspond€directly€to€a€sentence€on€the€questionnaire.Ð ¨ø ÐÌà  àIf€you€are€filling€out€this€form€at€a€distance€and€you€have€access€to€e„mail,€feel€free€toÐ €Ð Ðcontact€us€for€guidance€in€responding€to€sections€of€the€questionnaire€that€do€not€seem€clear€toÐ l¼ Ðyou,€or€where€you€do€not€feel€confident€that€you€know€what€it€is€we€are€asking€for.€I,€or€one€ofÐ X ¨ Ðmy€collaborators,€can€reached€at€the€"Ô_ÔafranaphÔ_Ô"€address€below.€Ô4‚ Ý zÔÝ‚ÍOÝÔÿÔòòÝ  ÝÔ5  ÔÔ6Ì0ÔÝ‚ÍOà0haveÝóóÔÿÔÝ  ÝÔ7yoz1Ô€We€can€also€respond€to€writtenÐ D!” Ðquestions€sent€to€us€by€mail€at:Ð 0"€  Ѐ̀€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€African€Anaphora€ProjectÐ $X" Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Department€of€Linguistics€(Rutgers)Ð ô$D # Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€18€Seminary€PlaceÐ à%0!$ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€New€Brunswick,€NJ€08903€USA€Ð Ì&"% Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòóóÔ4‚Ý ` ÔÝ‚ÍOÝÔÿÔòòÝ  ÝÔ5  Ôafranaph@rci.rutgers.eduÔ63ÔÝ‚ÍO*3ƒÝóóÔÿÔÝ  ÝÔ7Ý NX3ÔòòÐ ¸'#& ÐóóÌòòò òImportantóó:€ó óWe€urge€you€to€read€through€the€entire€questionnaire€before€you€begin€to€provide€anyÐ )à$( Ðinformation.€This€will€help€you€to€get€a€sense€of€both€the€scope€and€style€of€the€questionnaire,Ð €*Ð%) Ðand€it€will€help€you€to€avoid€elaborating€too€much€at€the€early€stages,€if€you€know€that€moreÐ l+¼&* Ðdetailed€questions€will€address€the€issues€or€example€types€that€seem€important€to€you€early€on.€Ð X,¨'+ Їò òA€note€on€the€form€of€the€information€you€provide€to€usó óÐ ° ÐÌà  àWe€are€set€up€to€receive€and€represent€written€information,€not€oral€communication€orÐ ˆØ Ðrecorded€oral€communications€and€we€can€receive€your€responses€either€in€direct€interactiveÐ tÄ Ðelectronic€form€or€in€hard€copy€form€based€on€a€printout€of€our€inert€electronic€file.€Ð `° ÐÌà  àMany€of€you€will€be€working€from€a€printout€of€our€questionnaire€(the€inert€electronicÐ 8 ˆ Ðform)€and€those€of€you€that€do€will€be€providing€your€answers€in€hard€copy€(written€document)Ð $ t Ðform,€or€by€an€electronic€file€you€send€us€(either€.Ô_ÔpdfÔ_Ô€for€direct€printout,€or€an€Ô_ÔMSWordÔ_Ô€or€WordÐ  ` ÐPerfect€document€that€we€can€then€edit€further€„€the€latter€being€our€preference)..€This€is€the€low„Ð ü L  Ðtech€way€we€have€been€collecting€data€for€the€first€year€of€the€project.€Most€of€Part€1€is€designedÐ è 8  Ðso€that€you€can€fill€it€out€directly€on€the€questionnaire€hard€copy€and€send€it€to€us,€but€for€parts€2„Ð Ô$  Ð4,€do€not€try€to€fill€in€your€answers€directly€on€the€hard€copy€questionnaire,€since€there€is€notÐ À  Ðenough€room.€Just€fill€out€Part€1€and€send€us€the€rest€of€your€answers€on€your€own€paper€or€inÐ ¬ü  Ðyour€electronic€file,€with€each€answer€provided€under€its€section€number€(e.g.,€2.1.3,€or€4.1.2.1)Ð ˜è  Ðor€example€number,€as€mentioned€above.€If€you€are€not€sure€what€section€heading€an€answerÐ „Ô  Ðshould€appear€under,€just€make€your€best€guess€and€let€us€know€you€are€guessing.Ð pÀ ÐÌà  àWe€will€also€have€an€direct€interactive€electronic€form€which€involves€a€designedÐ H˜ Ðsoftware€template€for€data€entry€(skip€this€paragraph€if€you€are€not€interested€in€using€theÐ 4„ Ðinteractive€form€which€is,€in€any€case,€not€available€yet).€This€form€of€the€questionnaireÐ  p Ðcorresponds€in€every€way€to€the€section€and€example€numbering€of€the€inert€printoutÐ  \ Ðquestionnaire,€but€it€provides€click€and€type€data€entry€that€can€either€be€done€directly€on€the€webÐ øH Ðsite€or€by€downloading€the€template€for€data€entry€on€your€own€computer.€For€instance,€for€eachÐ ä4 Ðexample€sentence€there€will€be€a€"button"€for€translation€that€you€click€on.€That€will€give€youÐ Ð  Ðfields€for€the€translation€in€your€language,€the€gloss,€the€precise€English€translation€(which€youÐ ¼  Ðmay€have€reason€to€vary€slightly€from€the€sentence€it€corresponds€to€on€the€questionnaire,€if€thatÐ ¨ø Ðis€what€it€takes€to€show€us€what€we€are€asking€for)€and€an€optional€field€for€consultant€commentÐ ”ä Ð(i.e.,€if€there€is€some€remark€you€feel€should€be€added€about€the€example€in€question,€this€isÐ €Ð Ðwhere€you€put€it,€and€if€there€are€additional€examples,€you€can€hit€the€additional€example€buttonÐ l¼ Ðinside€"consultant€comment",€which€will€open€the€fields€in€the€same€way€„€your€languageÐ X ¨ Ðexample,€gloss,€English€translation).€You€can€hit€the€translation€button€as€many€times€as€you€likeÐ D!” Ðfor€a€single€example,€as€long€as€you€fill€in€all€the€obligatory€fields,€and€that€is€how€you€give€moreÐ 0"€  Ðthan€one€translation€for€a€single€example.€This€way€of€filling€out€the€form€may€not€beÐ #l! Ðcomfortable€or€practical€for€many€of€our€consultants,€and€so€it€is€just€an€option€we€provide.€OnÐ $X" Ðthe€other€hand,€it€is€the€most€convenient€option€for€us,€since€a€version€of€this€same€template€willÐ ô$D # Ðstore€your€data,€when€it€is€complete,€on€our€site,€and€if€you€do€not€use€the€interactive€template,Ð à%0!$ Ðthen€we€will€eventually€be€entering€an€edited€version€of€what€you€send€us€onto€this€templateÐ Ì&"% Ðourselves€(which€we€are€willing€to€do).€It€will€be€this€template€that€researchers€accessing€our€siteÐ ¸'#& Ðwill€act€on€with€comparison€and€search€tools.€In€other€words,€if€you€complete€the€questionnaireÐ ¤(ô#' Ðdirectly€on€the€interactive€questionnaire€template,€it€saves€us€some€steps.€If€you€want€moreÐ )à$( Ðinformation€about€this€option,€please€contact€us€at€the€Ô_ÔafranaphÔ_Ô€address.Ð |*Ì%) ÐÌà  àWhichever€form€of€data€response€you€choose€to€employ,€we€will€also€need€a€reliable€wayÐ T,¤'+ Ðof€writing€your€language,€one€that€we€can€represent€at€least€mostly€with€Latin€script,€and,€ifÐ ° Ðpossible,€one€that€is€also€generally€used€in€your€linguistic€community€(the€reason€for€Latin€script,Ð œì Ðbesides€the€familiarity€of€it€for€speakers€of€Western€European€languages,€is€that€it€also€permits€usÐ ˆØ Ðto€employ€more€convenient€search€mechanisms).€If€these€are€incompatible,€we€want€a€Latin€scriptÐ tÄ Ðfor€transcription€where€possible€with€enough€information€about€orthography€to€guide€readersÐ `° Ðunfamiliar€with€the€language€to€appropriate€pronunciation.€We€are€willing€to€include€anyÐ L œ Ðdiacritics€or€special€symbols€(e.g.,€for€tone€or€nasality)€that€we€can€easily€represent,€and€this€weÐ 8 ˆ Ðleave€this€for€you€to€arrange€with€whomever€is€assigned€to€help€you€in€the€presentation€of€yourÐ $ t Ðcontribution€in€the€questionnaire.€We€can€provide€a€wide€variety€of€diacritic€fonts€that€areÐ  ` Ðavailable€free,€so€most€likely€we€can€accommodate€your€needs.Ð ü L  ÐÌà  àPlease€try€to€provide€a€gloss€as€well€as€a€translation€for€any€sentence€that€you€provide€toÐ Ô$  Ðus.€The€distinction€between€a€gloss€and€a€translation€is€illustrated€with€the€following€MalayalamÐ À  Ðexample,€where€Case€markers€are€glossed,€the€anaphoric€element€òòÔ_ÔtannÔ_Ôóó€is€not€translated€(it€is€theÐ ¬ü  Ðanaphoric€element€of€the€strategy),€and€the€verb€is€marked€with€a€past€participle€affix€(pp),€aÐ ˜è  Ðreflexive€marker€(òòÔ_ÔkoNDÔ_Ôóó)€and€a€past€3rd€person€singular€masculine€marker.€(This€example€doesÐ „Ô  Ðnot€employ€any€special€diacritic€fonts,€but€if€we€did€it€right€it€would).Ð pÀ ÐÌ€€€€€€Ô_ÔiÔ_Ô.€Hari„Ô_ÔyuÔ_Ô€€€€€€€€Ô_ÔtannÔ_Ô„Ô_ÔannuÔ_Ô€€€Ô_ÔhodeÔ_Ô„du„Ô_ÔkoNDÔ_Ô„a€Ð H˜ Ѐ€€€€€€€€Hari„NOM€€€Ô_ÔTANNÔ_Ô„Ô_ÔACCÔ_Ô€€hit„pp„Ô_ÔREFL.PSTÔ_Ô„3SM€Ð 4„ Ѐ€€€€€€€"òòHarióó€hit€òòhimselfóó."Ð  p ÐÌIn€many€cases,€you€may€not€feel€confident€about€what€should€be€in€the€gloss,€and€if€necessary,Ð øH Ðyou€can€either€omit€it€or€give€it€your€best€guess€or€analysis,€letting€us€know€of€any€issues€that€youÐ ä4 Ðthink€providing€a€gloss€raises€that€we€should€know€about.€If€providing€a€gloss€is€holding€you€upÐ Ð  Ðtoo€much,€then€leave€it€for€last€and€consult€with€us€about€it€later.€However,€be€sure€always€toÐ ¼  Ðprovide€your€best€guess€at€a€translation.Ð ¨ø ÐÌà  àAt€present,€we€do€not€have€a€French€(or€Spanish,€or€Portuguese)€version€of€thisÐ €Ð Ðquestionnaire,€and€so€those€who€speak€French€as€their€more€typical€language€of€discourse€outsideÐ l¼ Ðof€their€non„colonial€language,€may€be€at€a€disadvantage.€We€are€not€yet€prepared€to€remedy€thisÐ X ¨ Ðdifficulty€at€this€stage,€but€perhaps€if€our€project€grows€we€will€be€able€to€address€this€weaknessÐ D!” Ðin€our€research€elicitation.Ð 0"€  ÐÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÐ T,¤'+ ÐÑ¿Ñâ âÙÙØØâ âÑ  Ñò òAnaphora€in€the€African€Languages€„€Questionnaire€for€language€consultantsó óÐ ° ÐÌNSF€grant€Ô_ÔBCSÔ_Ô„0303447:€Principal€Investigator€„€Ken€Ô_ÔSafirÔ_Ô,€Rutgers€Universityò òÐ ˆØ ÐÌPART€1€€€€General€informationó óÐ `° ÐÌò ò1.1€€Language:ó ó€In€this€section€you€are€asked€to€identify€your€language€or€dialect€(the€subjectÐ 8 ˆ Ðlanguage)€and€the€information€we€ask€of€you€will€help€make€this€identification€more€precise.€WeÐ ( x Ðwill€fill€in€the€Ô_ÔEthnologueÔ_Ô€code€if€you€do€not€know€it.Ð  d ÐÌ€€€1.€Name€of€the€language:Ð ì <  ÐÌ€€€2.€Ô_ÔEthnologueÔ_Ô€code€(if€you€know€it):€Ð Ä  ÐÌ€€€3.€Dialect€and/or€area:Ð œì  ÐÌ€€€4.€What€is€the€information€you€are€providing€based€on?€We€assume€all€our€participants€areÐ tÄ Ðrelying€on€their€own€judgments,€but€if€you€answer€(b)€in€addition€to€(a),€please€explain€with€anÐ `° Ðattached€note.Ð Lœ Ѐ€€€€(a)€My€own€judgements€€(€€)Ð 8ˆ Ѐ€€€€(b)€Judgements€by€one€or€more€consultants€€(€€)Ð $t ÐÌò ò1.2€€Identify€yourself:ó ó€In€order€to€make€full€use€of€the€information€you€provide,€someÐ üL Ðinformation€about€your€linguistic€background€is€necessary.€If€you€wish,€your€name€and€contactÐ ì< Ðinformation€will€be€excluded€from€the€public€version€of€this€database.€However,€if€you€are€aÐ Ø( Ðfellow€linguist€we€encourage€you€to€make€this€information€available;€this€will€make€it€possible€toÐ Ä Ðproperly€acknowledge€your€role€in€creating€this€database,€and€will€also€(if€you€wish)€allow€otherÐ ° Ðlinguists€interested€in€this€language€to€contact€you.Ð œì ÐÌPlease€provide€the€following€information€about€yourself€(the€person€completing€the€survey).Ð tÄ ÐÌ1.€Name:€_______________€€Ð L!œ ÐÌ2a.€Your€address:Ð $#t! ÐÌ2b.€E„mail€address,€if€you€have€one:€Ð ü$L # ÐÌ3.€Do€you€want€the€database€to€reveal€your€name€and€contact€information?Ð Ô&$"% Ѐ€€€€(You€still€must€fill€out€a€consent€form,€however€you€answer€this€question.)Ð À'#& ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€(€€)€I€am€willing€to€be€identifiedÐ ˜)è$( Ѐ€€€€€€€€(€€)€I€wish€to€remain€anonymousÐ „*Ô%) ÐÌ4.€Your€level€of€training€in€linguistics€(circle€accordingly).Ð \,¬'+ Ї€(€€)€Post€Ph.€D.Ð ° Ѐ(€€)€Ô_ÔPh.DÔ_Ô€€or€M.A.€studentÐ œì Ѐ(€€)€Undergraduate€linguistics€Ð ˆØ Ѐ€€€€€(€€)€some€coursesÐ tÄ Ѐ€€€€€(€€)€linguistics€majorÐ `° Ѐ€€€€€(€€)€Training€in€related€discipline€Ð L œ Ѐ€€€€€(€€)€philology€Ð 8 ˆ Ѐ€€€€€(€€)€language€pedagogyÐ $ t Ѐ€€€€€(€€)€other€(please€specify)Ð  ` Ѐ(€€)€related€discipline€(please€specify)€Ð ü L  Ѐ(€€)€no€linguistic€trainingÐ è 8  ÐÌ5.€If€you€are€a€linguist,€please€indicate€the€extent€of€your€exposure€to€the€following€Ô_ÔsubfieldsÔ_Ô.Ð À  ÐAlso€specify€the€broad€school€(e.g.,€GB€or€Ô_ÔLFGÔ_Ô€syntax)€if€appropriate.€Your€background€mightÐ ¬ü  Ðbe€relevant€to€your€choice€of€terminology€in€morphological€and€syntactic€descriptions,€etc.Ð ˜è  ÐÌ€€€€€€Scale:€little€or€none€/€some€/€intimately€familiar.Ð pÀ ÐÌ€€€€€(a)€Syntax:Ð H˜ ÐÌ€€€€€(b)€Ô_ÔTypologicalÔ_Ô€linguistics:Ð  p ÐÌ€€€€€(c)€Formal€semantics:Ð øH ÐÌ€€€€€(d)€Pragmatics€or€discourse€analysis:Ð Ð  ÐÌ€€€€€(e)€Other€relevant€Ô_ÔsubfieldÔ_Ô:Ð ¨ø ÐÌ6.€Your€language€biographyÐ €Ð ÐÌ€€€€a.€What€language(s)€did€your€parents€speak€at€home?Ð X ¨ ÐÌ€€€€b.€What€language(s)€do/did€your€parents€speak€natively?Ð 0"€  ÐÌ€€€€c.€What€language€(languages)€did€you€receive€school€instruction€in?Ð $X" ÐÌ€€€€d.€How€old€were€you€when€you€learned€the€subject€language?Ð à%0!$ ÐÌ€€€€e.€Do€you€speak€an€identifiable€Ô_ÔsubdialectÔ_Ô€of€this€language?€What€is€it€called?Ð ¸'#& ÐÌ€€€€f.€Do€you€speak€other€dialects€of€the€same€language?€Which€ones?Ð )à$( ÐÌÌò ò1.3€€Additional€Consultants:ó ó€€If€you€are€relying€on€the€intuitions€of€additional€languageÐ T,¤'+ ÐÔ_Ôconsultants€(secondary€informants),€please€collect€the€same€information€about€those€you€consult,Ð ° Ðif€that€is€possible.€Your€secondary€informants€will€be€anonymous€participants€(with€all€of€theirÐ œì Ðpersonal€information€confidential)€unless€they€also€complete€a€consent€form€and€choose€to€beÐ ˆØ Ðidentified.Ð tÄ ÐÌò ò1.4€€References:ó ó€If€it€is€convenient€for€you€to€do€so,€please€inform€us€of€any€descriptive€grammarÐ L œ Ðor€other€references€that€you€believe€would€be€useful€for€us€to€know€about€which€would€assist€usÐ < Œ Ðin€putting€the€anaphora€data€in€the€context€of€a€broader€understanding€of€the€grammar€of€yourÐ ( x Ðlanguage.€If€you€have€a€bibliography€of€work€of€this€kind€that€you€can€inform€us€of€or€makeÐ  d Ðavailable€to€us,€that€would€be€enormously€helpful.€Ð  P  Ðò òó óÌò òIMPORTANT€NOTEó ó:€In€order€for€us€to€use€your€questionnaire€at€all,€we€must€have€from€you€aÐ Ø(  Ðsigned€copy€of€the€consent€form€that€we€provide€to€you€which€insures€(a)€that€you€have€had€theÐ È  Ðopportunity€to€evaluate€any€risk€or€disadvantage€to€you€in€choosing€to€participate€in€this€study,Ð ´  Ðand€(b)€that€you€have€made€an€informed€decision€on€whether€or€not€you€want€your€role€in€ourÐ  ð  Ðproject€to€be€publically€known.€If€you€choose€to€remain€an€anonymous€participant,€all€of€theÐ ŒÜ  Ðpersonal€information€your€report€to€us€will€remain€confidential.Ð xÈ Ðò òÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÐ \,¬'+ Ðó óAnaphora€in€the€African€Languages€„€Ô_ÔBCSÔ_Ô„0303447ò òÐ ° ÐÌPART€2€€€€An€inventory€of€reflexive€and€reciprocal€strategiesó óÐ ˆØ ÐÌà  àIn€this€section,€we€compile€an€inventory€of€strategies€for€coreference€in€your€language.€AtÐ `° Ðthis€point€we€are€only€attempting€to€get€a€brief€overview€of€the€strategies€and€so€we€only€wantÐ L œ Ðfrom€you€a€few€exemplars€of€each€strategy.€The€properties€of€each€strategy€will€be€investigated€inÐ 8 ˆ Ðmore€detail€in€the€following€sections.Ð $ t ÐÌà  àBy€the€end€of€this€section€you€should€have€a€small€number€of€sentences,€each€of€whichÐ ü L  Ðuses€a€different€way€to€express€a€reflexive€relationship.€For€English,€for€example,€we€might€getÐ è 8  ÐòòJohn€saw€himselfóó,€and€òòJohn€washesóó€as€two€forms€of€the€reflexive€strategy€(where€the€second€isÐ Ô$  Ðmore€lexically€restricted)€and€one€form€for€the€reciprocal€strategy€òòThe€children€like€each€otheróó.Ð À  ÐÌà  àPay€special€attention€to€parts€of€a€strategy€that€appear€to€be€optional.€In€such€cases€youÐ ˜è  Ðshould€list€two€strategies,€one€with€and€one€without€the€"optional"€element.Ð „Ô  ÐFor€example,€Javanese€has€two€reflexive€constructions,€Ô_ÔawakÔ_Ô+pronoun+Ô_ÔdeweÔ_Ô€andÐ pÀ ÐÔ_ÔawakÔ_Ô+pronoun.€It€would€be€incorrect€to€treat€them€as€a€single€construction€in€which€Ô_ÔdeweÔ_Ô€isÐ \¬ Ðoptional:€on€close€inspection€the€two€forms€turn€out€to€have€very€different€properties.€Hence,€anyÐ H˜ Ð"optional"€elements€in€your€language€should€be€studied€under€the€assumption€that€we€are€dealingÐ 4„ Ðwith€different€strategies.Ð  p ÐÌò ò2.1€€€Coreference€in€a€single€clauseó óÐ øH ÐÌ2.1.1€€"Primary"€reflexive€strategy€„€Translate€the€following€example€to€your€language,€andÐ Ð  Ðindicate€the€element€(if€any)€that€expresses€the€reflexive€relationship.€If€the€verb€see€is€somehowÐ ¼  Ðunusual€in€your€language,€use€a€more€typical€transitive€verb€instead.Ð ¨ø ÐÌ€€€€€€A1)€€€€John€saw€himself.Ð €Ð ÐÌà  àChoose€a€short€name€(label)€for€this€strategy.€It€will€be€used€to€refer€to€this€strategy€in€theÐ X ¨ Ðremainder€of€the€questionnaire.€You€can€label€it€Strategy€A,€or€you€may€choose€a€moreÐ D!” Ðdescriptive€name.€For€example,€in€English,€we€might€call€the€strategy€in€A1€"x„SELF"€orÐ 0"€  Ð"pronoun„SELF"€since€the€pronoun€varies€and€the€SELF€form€is€constant.€In€Dutch,€one€mightÐ #l! Ðuse€the€label€Ô_ÔZICHZELFÔ_Ô€since€the€form€that€is€used€to€translate€English€sentences€like€A1,€butÐ $X" Ðthere€is€also€a€form€òòÔ_ÔzichÔ_Ôóó,€which€can€be€used€with€the€verb€meaning€"wash"€but€not€with€the€verbÐ ô$D # Ðmeaning€òòseeóó€under€normal€circumstances,€hence€we€would€want€to€label€that€strategy€the€Ô_ÔZICHÔ_ÔÐ à%0!$ Ðstrategy,€or€Strategy€Bòòóó.€Whatever€label€you€choose,€please€use€it€consistently.Ð Ì&"% ÐÌ2.1.2€€Is€there€another€way,€or€are€there€other€ways,€to€express€coreference€in€A1€(that€is,€with€theÐ ¤(ô#' Ðverb€òòseeóó€held€constant)?€If€so,€give€examples€of€their€use€now,€and€label€them€(use€Strategy€B,€C,Ð )à$( Ðor€choose€your€own€labels).€For€example,€in€German€both€òòHans€und€Maria€Ô_ÔsehenÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔsichÔ_Ôóó€and€òòHansÐ |*Ì%) Ðund€Maria€Ô_ÔsehenÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔeinanderÔ_Ôóó€are€possible€with€a€reciprocal€reading€(although€the€òòÔ_ÔsichÔ_Ôóó€strategy€alsoÐ h+¸&* Ðallows€a€reflexive€reading).€Hold€off€on€presenting€reciprocal€strategies€„€we€have€a€specialÐ T,¤'+ Ðsection€for€that.Ð ° ÐÌ2.1.3€€Other€verb€types€„€Some€languages€use€a€special€reflexive€strategy€with€certain€verbs,Ð ˆØ Ðespecially€"commonly€reflexive"€verbs€of€grooming€such€as€"wash",€"shave",€"bathe",€"dress",Ð tÄ Ðetc.€For€example,€in€English€one€can€say€òòJohn€washesóó€as€well€as€òòJohn€washes€himselfóó,€bothÐ `° Ðmeaning€"X€washes€X"€where€X€=€John,€and€that€strategy€might€be€called€OBJECT„NULL.€AsÐ L œ Ðnoted€above,€a€Dutch€speaker€might€note€that€the€Ô_ÔZICHÔ_Ô€strategy€òòóóas€well€as€the€Ô_ÔZICHZELFÔ_ÔÐ 8 ˆ Ðstrategy€òòóóbe€used€for€verbs€like€òòwashóó.òòóóÐ $ t ÐÌà  àDo€any€of€the€following€(or€any€other€verbs€you€can€think€of)€involve€a€strategy€that€youÐ ü L  Ðhave€not€listed€already?€If€so,€give€an€example€now€and€label€it€with€a€new€name€(or€letter).Ð è 8  ÐÌ€€€€€€A2a)€John€washes€himself.Ð À  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€b)€Mary€cut€herself.€[accidentally]Ð ¬ü  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€c)€John€is€ashamed€of€himself.Ð ˜è  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€d)€John€destroyed€himself.Ð „Ô  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€e)€We€hate€ourselves.Ð pÀ ÐÌHere€we€are€just€trying€to€see€if€there€are€other€strategies€besides€the€ones€you€have€named,€so€ifÐ H˜ Ðthe€examples€above€do€not€uncover€a€new€strategy,€(e.g.,€in€English,€òòJohn€washedóó€can€only€beÐ 4„ Ðunderstood€reflexively)€then€just€translate€them€and€move€on.€At€this€point,€we€are€just€makingÐ  p Ðan€inventory€of€strategies.Ð  \ ÐÌ2.1.4€€Ô_ÔObliquesÔ_Ô€and€other€argument€types€„€In€the€preceding€examples,€the€Ô_ÔcoindexedÔ_Ô€argumentsÐ ä4 Ðwere€subject€and€object.€Many€languages€use€a€different€coreference€strategy€for€obliqueÐ Ð  Ðarguments.€Does€yours?€Consider€a€variety€of€oblique€objects€(dative,€genitive,€etc.,€asÐ ¼  Ðappropriate€for€your€language),€as€well€Ô_ÔsubcategorizedÔ_Ô€prepositional€arguments€(e.g.,€EnglishÐ ¨ø ÐòòKarl€counted€on€himselfóó)€and€finally€prepositional€adjuncts€(e.g.,€òòSally€saw€a€snake€nearÐ ”ä Ðher/herselfóó).€The€following€examples€are€models€only€and€may€not€have€the€desired€syntax€inÐ €Ð Ðyour€language€„€in€which€case,€please€do€your€best€to€design€appropriate€sentences€reflecting€theÐ l¼ Ðrelations€in€parentheses.€Once€again,€translate€them€only€if€they€involve€a€strategy€that€you€haveÐ X ¨ Ðnot€yet€identified.Ð D!” ÐÌ€€€€A3a)€John€spoke€to€Mary.Ð #l! Ѐ€€€€€€€b)€John€spoke€about€himself.€(subject/PP€argument)Ð $X" Ѐ€€€€€€€c)€John€told€Mary€about€himself.€(same,€with€intervening€NP)Ð ô$D # Ѐ€€€€€€€d)€Bill€told€us€about€ourselves.€(object/argument)Ð à%0!$ Ѐ€€€€€€€e)€Mary€gave€the€children€themselves.€(Ô_Ôind.objectÔ_Ô/object)Ð Ì&"% Ѐ€€€€€€€f)€€Mary€saw€a€book€behind€her.€(subject/locative)Ð ¸'#& Ѐ€€€€€€€g)€John€bought€the€book€for€himself.€(benefactive)Ð ¤(ô#' ÐÌAlso€consider€things€like€Ô_ÔexperiencerÔ_Ô-subject€verbs,€non-nominative€subjects,€etc.,€which€haveÐ |*Ì%) Ðunusual€argument€structures€in€many€languages.€Some€verb€meanings€you€might€try:Ð h+¸&* ÐÐ T,¤'+ Ѐ€€€A4a)€Etta€likes€herself.Ð ° Ѐ€€€€€€€€b)€Etta€scares€herself.Ð œì Ѐ€€€€€€€€c)€Etta€worries€herself.Ð ˆØ ÐÌ2.1.5€€Person€and€number€„€Some€languages€use€different€strategies€depending€on€person€orÐ `° Ðnumber.€For€example,€in€Dutch,€the€special€reflexive€pronoun€òòÔ_ÔzichÔ_Ôóó€used€with€certain€verbs€is€onlyÐ L œ Ðused€in€the€third€person;€first€and€second€person€coreference€for€these€verbs€is€expressed€withÐ 8 ˆ Ðordinary€pronouns€(pronouns€that€do€not€normally€have€to€have€an€antecedent),€which€shouldÐ $ t Ðtherefore€be€considered€a€distinct€local€coreference€strategy.Ð  ` ÐÌà  àConsider€the€preceding€sentences€with€first€and€second€person€subjects,€and€also€withÐ è 8  Ðplurals.€Also€check€for€differences€between€full€Ô_ÔNPsÔ_Ô,€overt€third€person€pronouns,€and€nullÐ Ô$  Ðsubjects/objects€(if€your€language€allows€them).€Some€of€you€may€speak€a€language€thatÐ À  Ðdistinguishes€singulars,€plurals€and€Ô_ÔdualsÔ_Ô,€and€if€so,€please€check€for€the€dual€reading.€Do€any€ofÐ ¬ü  Ðthese€allow€the€use€of€a€strategy€we€have€not€yet€seen?€If€so,€name€each€new€strategy€and€give€anÐ ˜è  Ðexample€here.Ð „Ô  ÐÌ€€€€A5a)€€I€saw€myself.Ð \¬ Ѐ€€€€€€€€b)€€You€cut€yourself€[accidentally].Ð H˜ Ѐ€€€€€€€€c)€€We€will€wash€ourselves.Ð 4„ Ѐ€€€€€€€€d)€€You€must€help€yourselves.Ð  p ÐÌ2.1.6€€Strategies€for€other€clausemate€environments€„€If€there€are€any€additional€reflexiveÐ øH Ðstrategies€known€to€you€(from€grammars,€or€from€your€linguistic€knowledge),€list€them€now.Ð ä4 ÐName€each€new€strategy€with€a€short€name€or€label,€and€give€one€example.Ð Ð  ÐÌà  àTake€a€few€minutes€to€consider€other€variations€on€the€sentence€types€which€mightÐ ¨ø Ðinvolve€a€special€strategy.€Some€possibilities:Ð ”ä ÐÌ€€€€€(a)€Is€there€any€strategy€which€is€only€possible€with€some€special€aspectual€class€of€a€verb?Ð l¼ ÐSome€examples:Ð X ¨ ÐÌ€€€€A6a)€Peter€knows€himself.Ð 0"€  Ѐ€€€€€€€b)€Peter€(habitually)€criticizes€himself.Ð #l! Ѐ€€€€€€€c)€Peter€is€likely€to€praise€himself.Ð $X" ÐÌ€€€€€(b)€Do€Ô_ÔquantificationalÔ_Ô€constructions€involve€a€separate€strategy?Ð à%0!$ ÐÌ€€€€A7a)€Every€boy€looked€at€himself.Ð ¸'#& Ѐ€€€€€€€b)€All€the€women€described€John€to€themselves.Ð ¤(ô#' Ѐ€€€€€€€c)€Every€teacher€introduced€himself€to€Bob.Ð )à$( Ѐ€€€€€€€d)€Some€children€only€help€themselves.Ð |*Ì%) ÐÌ€€€€€(c)€If€your€language€has€a€system€of€Ô_ÔgrammaticizedÔ_Ô€honorifics,€do€some€types€of€honorificÐ T,¤'+ Ðallow€a€strategy€that€has€not€been€listed€yet?€The€Yoruba€example€below€allows€several€pluralÐ ° Ðinterpretations,€as€given€below,€but€it€can€also€mean€"He€(honorific)€saw€himself",€although€it€isÐ œì Ðnot€otherwise€singular.€Ð ˆØ ÐÌ€€€€€€A8)€Ô_ÔWð;ðnÔ_Ô€€€Ô_ÔrÔ_Ô€€€€Ô_ÔaraÔ_Ô€€€won.Ð `° Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€they€€€see€body€themòòóóÐ L œ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€"òòTheyóó€saw€òòthemselvesóó."€or€"òòTheyóó€saw€òòeach€otheróó."€or€"òòTheyóó€saw€òòtheiróó€bodies."Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌ€€€€€(d)€The€above€were€all€tensed€main€clauses.€Experiment€with€placing€both€Ô_ÔcoreferringÔ_ÔÐ  ` Ðarguments€in€various€types€of€subordinate€clauses,€as€your€language€allows.€For€example,Ð ü L  Ðconsider€tensed€complements,€subjunctives,€Ô_ÔinfinitivalsÔ_Ô,€purpose€clauses,€or€any€other€embeddingÐ è 8  Ðconstruction€your€language€provides.€(But€keep€both€coreferent€arguments€in€the€same€clause).Ð Ô$  ÐOnly€provide€examples€corresponding€to€the€sentences€in€A9€if€any€translation€reveals€a€newÐ À  Ðstrategy€(which€you€should€name).€Ð ¬ü  ÐÌ€€€€€€A9a)€Sol€says€that€Alice€loves€herself.Ð „Ô  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€b)€Sol€required€that€Alice€praise€herself.Ð pÀ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€c)€Sol€thought€Alice€should€praise€herself.Ð \¬ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€d)€Sol€asked€Alice€to€praise€herself.Ð H˜ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€e)€Sol€wants€to€praise€himself.Ð 4„ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€f)€Sol€expects€Alice€to€praise€herself.Ð  p Ѐ€€€€€€€€€g)€Sol€heard€Alice€praising€herself.Ð  \ ÐÌò ò2.2€Ordinary€(potentially€independent)€pronounsó óÐ ä4 ÐÌà  àEven€if€pronouns€are€never€used€as€reflexives,€we€want€to€apply€the€tests€of€thisÐ ¼  Ðquestionnaire€to€them€as€well,€since€knowing€what€is€not€possible€is€also€useful€to€us.€Please€testÐ ¨ø Ðthem€now€in€all€the€local€environments,€even€if€they€fail,€unless€you€have€already€named€them€asÐ ”ä Ða€strategy€because€they€succeed€in€local€coreference€environments.€For€this€section,€pleaseÐ €Ð Ðtranslate€all€the€sentences,€indicating€the€acceptability€of€the€results.Ð l¼ ÐÌ2.2.1€€First,€show€that€the€pronouns€can€be€independent€by€using€them€in€a€sentence€where€theyÐ D!” Ðdo€not€have€an€antecedent.€In€the€paradigms€below,€for€example,€the€first€sentence€provides€aÐ 0"€  Ðcontext,€and,€for€A10a,b€the€pronoun€appears€in€the€second€sentence€without€an€antecedent€inÐ #l! Ðthat€sentence,€but€referring€to€Abraham.€The€same€test€is€made€with€first€and€second€personÐ $X" Ðpronouns€in€(A10c).€If€it€is€more€convenient€for€you€to€construct€your€own€sentences,€feel€free€toÐ ô$D # Ðdo€so.Ð à%0!$ ÐÌ€€€€€€A10a)€I€spoke€with€Abraham€yesterday.€He€saw€Ô_ÔLelaÔ_Ô.Ð ¸'#& Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€b)€Where€is€Abraham?€I€saw€him€in€the€market.Ð ¤(ô#' Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€c)€We€saw€you.€Did€you€see€me/us?Ð )à$( ÐÌ2.2.2€€If€your€language€has€more€than€one€type€of€pronouns€(e.g.,€null,€clitic€and€non-cliticÐ h+¸&* Ðpronouns,€strong,€or€Ô_ÔstressableÔ_Ô€pronouns,€etc.),€list€each€type€with€examples.€It€is€helpful€for€us€toÐ T,¤'+ Ðhave€full€paradigms€for€subject,€object€and€indirect€object€pronouns€(only€if€indirect€objectÐ ° Ðpronouns€are€different€from€object€pronouns)€as€well€as€possessive€pronouns€and€pronouns€inÐ œì Ðprepositional€phrases.€Keep€in€mind€that€pronouns€and€agreement€are€not€always€easy€toÐ ˆØ Ðdistinguish€when€the€pronoun€is€mixed€in€with€the€verb€morphology.€Some€languages€will€haveÐ tÄ Ðan€agreement€morpheme€that€can€cooccur€with€a€pronoun€in€subject€or€object€position,€and€inÐ `° Ðsome€cases€the€pronoun€(or€any€full€noun€phrase)€and€the€agreement€are€mutually€exclusive.Ð L œ ÐPlease€inform€us€as€to€the€situation€in€your€language€for€each€argument€position€(subject,€object,Ð 8 ˆ Ðindirect€object,€possessive,€prepositional€object...)Ð $ t ÐÌ2.2.3€€Null€arguments€„€If€your€language€allows€argument€drop€(null€pronouns,€or€pro-drop)€as€aÐ ü L  ÐÔ_ÔpronominalizationÔ_Ô€strategy€in€simple€(single€clause)€sentences,€then€name€it€here€as€an€additionalÐ è 8  ÐÔ_ÔpronominalizationÔ_Ô€option.€This€kind€of€argument€drop€does€not€have€to€be€interpreted€asÐ Ô$  Ðreflexive€(as€in€the€case€of€English€òòJohn€washedóó),€but€rather€it€is€the€sort€of€argument€drop€thatÐ À  Ðcould€be€used€where€there€is€not€necessarily€an€antecedent€in€the€sentence,€but€the€interpretationÐ ¬ü  Ðis€like€that€of€an€independent€pronoun.€Provide€an€examples€for€each€grammatical€function€thatÐ ˜è  Ðcan€be€dropped.€In€Japanese,€for€example,€null€arguments€are€possible€for€both€subject€and€objectÐ „Ô  Ðarguments,€but€none€of€the€examples€in€(A10e„f)€are€possible€in€English.€If€your€language€allowsÐ pÀ Ðthe€pronouns€to€drop€for€any€of€these€grammatical€functions€(subject,€object,€prepositionalÐ \¬ Ðobject),€but€the€range€of€pronominal€interpretations€is€limited,€please€comment.€(If€agreementÐ H˜ Ðplays€a€role€with€respect€to€when€a€pronoun€can€be€missing,€please€say€so,€even€though€yourÐ 4„ Ðanswer€to€this€may€overlap€with€your€answer€to€2.2.2.)Ð  p ÐÌ€€€€€A10d)€Ate€fish.€(meaning€òòhe/she/they/it/we/you/I€ate€fishóó)Ð øH Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€e)€Hal€hit€€€(meaning€òòHal€hit€him/her/them/it/us/you/meóó)Ð ä4 Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€f)€Hal€talked€to€€(meaning€òòHal€talked€to€him/her/them/it/us/you/meÐ Ð  ÐóóÌIf€your€language€does€not€allow€null€arguments,€then€just€translate€these€sentences,€star€them,€andÐ ¨ø Ðmove€on.Ð ”ä ÐÌ2.2.4€The€use€of€otherwise€independent€pronouns€for€clausemate€anaphoraÐ l¼ ÐÌEven€if€your€language€has€a€special€strategy€for€local€anaphora,€as€English€does€(e.g.,€the€use€ofÐ D!” Ðpronoun„òòselfóó),€we€still€need€to€know€whether€or€not€a€simple€pronoun,€a€pronoun€that€could€beÐ 0"€  Ðused€in€contexts€like€those€in€(A10a„c),€could€also€be€used€to€form€a€reflexive€reading.Ð #l! ÐÌ€€€€A10g)€Ali€praised€him.Ð ô$D # Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€h)€Ali€liked€him.Ð à%0!$ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€Ô_ÔiÔ_Ô)€Ali€saw€himÐ Ì&"% Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€j)€Ali€talked€to€himÐ ¸'#& Ѐ€€€€€€€€€k)€Ali€sent€a€book€to€him.Ð ¤(ô#' Ѐ€€€€€€€€€l)€Ali€helped€himÐ )à$( Ѐ€€€€€€€€€m)€Ali€surprised€himÐ |*Ì%) Ѐ€€€€€€€€€n)€Ali€bought€a€book€for€himÐ h+¸&* Ѐ€€€€€€€€€o)€Ali€read€a€book€about€himÐ T,¤'+ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€p)€Ali€found€a€book€near€himÐ ° ÐÌIn€English,€none€of€(A10g„n)€are€acceptable€if€òòhimóó€=€Ali,€rather€all€speakers€find€that€òòhimóó€mustÐ ˆØ Ðrefer€to€someone€other€than€Ali.€òòóóMost€English€speakers,€though€not€all,€accept€(A10l,€m)€withÐ tÄ Ðòòhimóó€=€Ali.€Try€to€use€verbs€close€to€these€and€use€pronouns€corresponding€to€the€direct€object€(orÐ `° Ðobject€markers,€if€that€is€what€your€language€uses€for€direct€object€pronouns)€and€determine€if€theÐ L œ Ðpronoun€you€use€can€form€a€reflexive€reading€(=Ali)€or€not€in€these€cases€or€not.€It€is€especiallyÐ 8 ˆ Ðimportant€to€keep€in€mind€that€we€also€need€translated€examples€that€show€what€is€not€possible,Ð $ t Ðwhen€that€is€the€case.€Ð  ` ÐÌò ò2.3€€€Reciprocal€Readingsó óÐ è 8  ÐÌThe€previous€sections€asked€about€strategies€for€reflexive€coreference.€We€now€considerÐ À  Ðreciprocals.€Please€keep€in€mind€that€we€are€still€just€compiling€an€inventory€of€strategies€and€weÐ ¬ü  Ðshall€explore€details€later.€As€before,€remember€to€treat€"optional"€morphemes€as€evidence€ofÐ ˜è  Ðdistinct€strategies.Ð „Ô  ÐÌ2.3.1€€If€you€have€already€listed€a€reflexive€strategy€that€can€also€have€reciprocal€meaning,Ð \¬ Ðprovide€an€example€here€with€a€reciprocal€translation.Ð H˜ ÐÌ2.3.2€€As€a€means€of€assessing€what€sorts€of€reciprocal€strategies€your€language€contains,Ð  p Ðconsider€these€typical€sorts€of€reciprocal€sentences€in€English.€If€a€new€strategy€is€involved€(aÐ  \ Ðspecial€reciprocal€form,€or€affix,€or€clitic€or€argument€drop,€or€verb€form,€etc.),€name€it€and€giveÐ øH Ðan€example.Ð ä4 ÐÌ€€€€€€A11a)€The€women€see€each€other.Ð ¼  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€b)€The€boys€washed€each€other.Ð ¨ø Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€c)€The€men€combed€each€other's€hair.Ð ”ä Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€d)€They€argued€with€each€other.Ð €Ð Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€e)€The€boys€kicked€each€other.Ð l¼ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€f)€They€hate€each€other.Ð X ¨ ÐÌ2.3.3€€Oblique€arguments€„€Continue€looking€for€new€reciprocal€strategies€with€the€followingÐ 0"€  Ðsentences:Ð #l! ÐÌ€€€€€€A12a)€The€men€introduced€Bill€to€each€other.Ð ô$D # Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€b)€The€travelers€spoke€to€each€other.Ð à%0!$ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€c)€The€priests€heard€stories€about€each€other.Ð Ì&"% Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€d€They€left€presents€in€front€of€each€other.Ð ¸'#& ÐÌAlso€consider€other€verbs€that€have€unusual€argument€structures€in€your€language.Ð )à$( ÐÌ2.3.4€€Other€persons€and€numbers,€etc.€If€another,€so-far€unknown€strategy€is€used€in€someÐ h+¸&* Ðpersons€or€numbers,€or€special€aspectual€classes€etc.,€name€it€here.Ð T,¤'+ Ї€€€€€€A13a)€We€saw€each€other.Ð ° Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€b)€You(pl.)€must€help€each€other.Ð œì Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€c)€We€will€wash€ourselves.Ð ˆØ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€d)€They€always€criticize€each€other.Ð tÄ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€e)€Many€boys€kicked€each€other.Ð `° ÐÌ2.3.5€€Other€clause€types,€and€other€strategies:€Briefly€consider€various€types€of€reciprocalÐ 8 ˆ Ðembedded€clauses;€if€a€new€coreference€strategy€can€be€used€with€some€of€them,€name€it€here.Ð $ t ÐAlso€consider€if€there€may€be€a€reciprocal€strategy€not€identified€by€the€preceding€questions.€UseÐ  ` Ðthe€following€sentences€as€models,€but€if€there€is€nothing€new€to€be€found€this€way,€do€not€botherÐ ü L  Ðto€translate€them€and€move€on.Ð è 8  Ѐ€€€€€Ð Ô$  Ѐ€€€€€A14a)€Sol€says€that€the€girls€love€each€other.Ð À  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€b)€Sol€required€that€the€girls€praise€each€other.Ð ¬ü  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€c)€Sol€thought€the€girls€should€praise€each€other.Ð ˜è  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€d)€Sol€asked€the€girls€to€praise€each€other.Ð „Ô  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€e)€The€girls€want€to€praise€each€other.Ð pÀ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€f)€Sol€expects€the€girls€to€praise€each€other.Ð \¬ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€g)€Sol€heard€the€girls€praising€each€other.Ð H˜ ÐÌò ò2.4€€Other€types€of€local€coreferenceó óÐ  p ÐÌ2.4.1€€Possessives,€alienable€and€inalienable€„€Please€translate€these€sentences€and€provide€theÐ øH Ðbest€gloss€that€you€can.€Is€one€of€the€strategies€described€above€used?Ð ä4 Ѐ€€€€€A15a)€Paul€lost€his€shoes.Ð Ð  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€b)€Paul€raised€his€hand.€(e.g.,€in€class)Ð ¼  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€c)€Paul€cut€his€hand.€(e.g.,€accidentally)Ð ¨ø Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€d)€Paul€examined€his€hand.Ð ”ä ÐÌ2.4.2€€Reflexives€in€nominals€„€Some€languages€use€a€different€affix€or€form€to€establish€aÐ l¼ Ðreflexive€relationship€inside€of€a€nominal.€Identify€any€strategies€that€can€apply€to€nouns€ratherÐ X ¨ Ðthan€verbs.€(Other€possibilities:€self-destruction,€self-help,€etc.)ò ò€ó óÐ D!” Ѐ€€€€€A16)€Andrew's€self-confidence€annoyed€Mary.Ð 4"„  Ѐ€€€€€A17)€Andrew's€introduction€of€himself€impressed€the€teacher.Ð  #p! Ðò òó óÌ2.4.3€€Something€we€haven't€thought€of?€„€Please€bring€to€our€attention€any€other€sort€of€localÐ ø$H # Ðcoconstrual€between€arguments€of€a€predicate€that€you€think€is€relevant.Ð ä%4!$ ÐÌ2.4.4€€It€would€be€useful€to€us€if€you€could€provide€a€list€of€the€different€strategies€so€we€are€bothÐ ¼' #& Ðclear€as€to€which€ones€you€distinguish.€This€you€may€revise€on€the€basis€of€new€ones€you€comeÐ ¨(ø#' Ðacross€in€filling€out€the€form,€if€there€are€any.Ð ”)ä$( ÐÌÌÐ X,¨'+ Ðò òPart€3€€€General€details€about€the€strategiesó óÐ ° ÐÌà  àYou€should€now€have€a€list€of€several€different€"strategies"€for€coreference,€eachÐ ˆØ Ðrepresented€by€one€or€more€examples.€The€following€sections€will€study€the€properties€of€each€ofÐ tÄ Ðthese€strategies.Ð `° ÐÌà  àFor€each€question,€you€should€give€a€separate€answer€for€each€of€the€strategies€you€haveÐ 8 ˆ Ðidentified.€Be€sure€to€clearly€label€each€answer€with€the€name€of€the€strategy€used€(A,€B,€"Ô_ÔzichÔ_Ô",Ð $ t Ðetc.).€Even€you€feel€that€it€is€obvious€which€strategy€is€used,€labeling€all€your€answers€will€helpÐ  ` Ðus€process€them€efficiently€and€avoid€errors.Ð ü L  ÐÌà  àIt€may€be€easier€for€you€if€you€complete€part€3€of€the€questionnaire€for€one€strategy€at€aÐ Ô$  Ðtime.€Begin€with€the€first€strategy€you€have€identified€(Strategy€A,€for€example),€and€answer€allÐ À  Ðquestions€as€they€apply€to€it.€Then€return€to€this€point€and€do€the€same€with€strategy€B,€etc.€ThisÐ ¬ü  Ðis€just€a€suggestion,€however.€You€may€find€it€easier€to€go€through€answering€for€all€strategies€forÐ ˜è  Ðeach€question.€Some€questions€refer€to€"the€current€strategy,"€meaning€whichever€strategy€youÐ „Ô  Ðare€providing€an€answer€for€at€that€moment.Ð pÀ ÐÌò ò3.1€€Markingó óÐ H˜ ÐÌ3.1.1€Some€strategies€are€manifested€as€involving€special€nominal€(NP)€form€(an€"anaphor"€if€itÐ  p Ðmust€have€a€configurational€antecedent)€or€a€(potentially€independent)€pronoun;€others€by€meansÐ  \ Ðof€a€morpheme€that€attaches€to€the€verb€or€auxiliary;€yet€others€by€a€change€in€verb€form€withoutÐ øH Ðan€identifiable€"reflexive"€morpheme,€e.g.,€by€Ô_ÔpassivizationÔ_Ô€("verbal€reflexives").€Occasionally,€aÐ ä4 Ðstrategy€will€even€involve€both€a€special€NP€and€marking€on€the€verb.€We€would€like€to€focus€forÐ Ð  Ðpart€of€this€section€on€the€way€strategies€are€marked.Ð ¼  ÐÌà  àWith€these€distinctions€about€marking€in€mind,€please€indicate€which€parts€of€theÐ ”ä Ðsentence€the€current€strategy€affects.€Explain€briefly€which€of€the€three€possibilities€below€seemsÐ €Ð Ðrelevant.€In€some€cases,€it€may€not€be€easy€to€make€principled€distinctions,€(for€example,€it€isÐ l¼ Ðdifficult€to€make€a€principled€distinction€between€pronominal€Ô_ÔcliticsÔ_Ô€and€"true"€verbal€affixes).Ð X ¨ ÐMake€sure€to€give€a€separate,€clearly€labeled€answer€for€each€strategy€you€are€reporting€on.€PleaseÐ D!” Ðkeep€in€mind€that€some€strategies€may€use€more€than€one€option€below.€For€example,€in€French,Ð 0"€  Ðthe€SE€strategy€(described€below)€permits€both€reflexive€and€reciprocal€interpretations,€butÐ #l! Ðreciprocal€interpretations€are€disambiguated€from€reflexive€ones€by€the€addition€of€òòÔ_Ôl'unÔ_Ô€Ô_Ôl'autreÔ_Ôóó.Ð $X" ÐÌ€€€€€€Y1)€Ô_ÔIlsÔ_Ô€€€€se€€Ô_ÔcritiquentÔ_Ô€€Ô_Ôl'unÔ_Ô€€€€€€€€Ô_Ôl'autreÔ_Ô.Ð à%0!$ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€they€SE€criticize€€€€the„one€the„otherÐ Ì&"% Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€"They€criticize€each€other".€Ð ¸'#& ÐÌSo€the€òòÔ_Ôl'unÔ_Ô€Ô_Ôl'autreÔ_Ôóó€reciprocal€strategy€for€French€is€in€combination€with€the€SE€strategy,€whichÐ )à$( Ðwould€mean,€in€terms€of€the€questions€below,€that€it€would€appear€to€involve€both€(a)€and€(b).Ð |*Ì%) Ð(For€another€example€of€marking€on€both€verb€and€argument,€see€the€Malayalam€example€thatÐ h+¸&* Ðwas€the€first€one€provided€as€an€example€of€a€glossed€sentence.)Ð T,¤'+ Ѐ̀€€€€€Marking€Strategies€for€Ô_ÔcoconstruedÔ_Ô€interpretationsÐ œì Ѐ€€€€€Ma)€Marking€on€a€Ô_ÔcoconstruedÔ_Ô€argument€or€adjunct.€Ð ˆØ Ѐ€€€€€€€€b)€Marking€on€the€verb€or€an€auxiliary.Ð tÄ Ѐ€€€€€€€€c)€Ô_ÔCoconstrualÔ_Ô€is€marked€by€dropping€an€argument.Ð `° Ѐ€€€€€€€€d)€Ô_ÔCoconstrualÔ_Ô€is€signaled€by€a€specialized€adjunct.Ð L œ ÐÌAn€example€of€just€(Ma)€would€be€the€English€reflexive€òòhimselfóó,€which€marks€just€one€of€theÐ $ t Ðcoreferent€Ô_ÔNPsÔ_Ô,€prototypically€the€object€in€subject-object€coreference,€insofar€as€a€special€formÐ  ` Ðis€required.€Where€(Mb)€is€marked€there€is€often€a€special€form€of€the€verb,€or€a€modifier,€affix€orÐ ü L  ÐÔ_ÔcliticÔ_Ô,€or€a€change€in€the€verb's€argument€structure.€In€French,€for€example,€either€reflexive€orÐ è 8  Ðreciprocal€interpretation€can€be€achieved€with€a€Ô_ÔpreverbalÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔcliticÔ_Ô€òòseóó€(always€anaphoric)€on€the€verbÐ Ô$  Ð(in€third€person),€which€we€might€call€the€SE€strategyÐ À  ÐÌ€€€€€€Y2)€Jean€se€Ô_ÔpaieÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔsouventÔ_Ô.Ð ˜è  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€Jean€SE„pay€oftenÐ „Ô  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€"Jean€pays€himself€often"€(suppose€Jean€is€the€boss)Ð pÀ ÐÌThe€form€òòseóó€appears€to€occupy€is€the€position€that€an€independent€Accusative€pronominal€(òòleóó)Ð H˜ Ðnormally€would,€as€in€òòJean€le€Ô_ÔpaieÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔsouventÔ_Ôóó€("Jean€pays€him€often",€a€Ô_ÔnoncoreferentÔ_Ô€interpretation)Ð 4„ Ðbut€full€Ô_ÔNPsÔ_Ô€in€French€(non„pronominal€ones)€normally€appear€after€the€verb,€as€in€(Y3).Ð  p ÐÌ€€€€€€Y3)€Jean€a€€€€€€Ô_ÔpayÔ_Ô€Pierre.Ð øH Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€Jean€have€paid€€Pierre,Ð ä4 Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€"Jean€paid€Pierre."€òòóóÐ Ð  ÐÌRather€than€determine€whether€òòseóó€is€a€Ô_ÔcliticÔ_Ô€or€prefix,€we€ask€you,€should€your€language€markÐ ¨ø Ðreflexivity€by€anything€on€the€verb,€to€simply€treat€the€strategy€in€question€as€verb„marking€(andÐ ”ä Ðlet€us€know€if€Ô_ÔcliticÔ_Ô€pronouns€occur€in€the€same€position,€if€that€is€clear€to€you).€In€this€case,€oneÐ €Ð Ðwould€also€add€that€French€is€normally€Ô_ÔSVOÔ_Ô,€and€when€this€marker€on€the€verb€occurs,€there€isÐ l¼ Ðno€direct€object€visible.Ð X ¨ ÐÌà  àFor€the€third€marking€strategy,€which€is€(Mc),€it€is€often€not€obvious€whether€or€not€weÐ 0"€  Ðshould€treat€this€as€a€phonetically€null€version€of€(Ma)€or€(Mb),€such€that€an€argument€is€markedÐ #l! Ðas€null€(and€necessarily€Ô_ÔcoconstruedÔ_Ô€with€a€Ô_ÔcoargumentÔ_Ô€antecedent)€or€a€verb€is€taken€to€bear€aÐ $X" Ðnull€marker€that€allows€what€appears€to€be€a€form€of€intransitive€interpretation.€This€strategy€isÐ ô$D # Ðused,€for€example,€in€the€English€òòJohn€washesóó.Ð à%0!$ ÐÌà  àA€somewhat€less€commonly€observed€possibility€(Md)€is€that€a€sentence€element€that€isÐ ¸'#& Ðnot€part€of€the€verb€or€one€of€the€Ô_ÔcoindexedÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔNPsÔ_Ô€is€marked,€perhaps€a€prepositional€phrase€or€anÐ ¤(ô#' Ðoblique€NP€or€adjunct.€For€example,€it€has€been€argued€that€Finnish€reflexives€are€indicated€byÐ )à$( Ðthe€addition€of€a€certain€locative€expression.€Moreover,€some€regard€the€French€òòÔ_Ôl'unÔ_Ô€Ô_Ôl'autreÔ_Ôóó€thatÐ |*Ì%) Ðaccompanies€the€Ô_ÔcliticÔ_Ô€in€(Y1)€to€be€an€adjunct,€not€an€argument.Ð h+¸&* ÐÐ T,¤'+ Ðò ò3.2€€Productivityó ó€Ð ° ÐÌ3.2.1€How€productive€is€this€strategy,€with€respect€to€which€verbs€or€predicates€allow€it?€whenÐ ŒÜ Ðyou€write€up€this€section,€indicate€that€the€strategy€in€question€is€either€òòextremely€productiveóó,Ð xÈ Ðòòfairly€productiveóó,€or€òòI€am€not€sureóó.Ð d´ ÐÌà  àA€strategy€is€"extremely€productive"€if€it€can€be€applied€to€nearly€every€verb€you€canÐ < Œ Ðthink€of.€It€is€"fairly€productive"€if€there€are€many€exceptions,€but€you€could€still€find€aÐ ( x Ðpotentially€unlimited€number€of€verbs€that€allow€it.€(Could€you€name€twenty€verbs€that€allow€itÐ  d Ðwithout€too€much€difficulty?).€One€way€of€testing€for€productivity€you€might€try€is€to€see€if€theÐ  P  Ðcurrent€strategy€can€be€used€for€verbs€that€are€formed€in€a€productive€way€from€other€categories.Ð ì <  ÐFor€example,€English€„òòÔ_ÔizeÔ_Ôóó€is€added€to€nouns€to€make€verbs,€and€all€of€the€verbs€formed€in€thisÐ Ø(  Ðway€in€English€use€the€x„SELF€strategy.Ð Ä  ÐÌ3.2.2€€Is€the€use€of€this€strategy€lexically€restricted€to€certain€verb€classes,€or€is€it€unrestrictedÐ œì  Ð(applies€across€all€verb€classes)?Ð ˆØ  ÐÌà  àA€strategy€is€"restricted€to€a€specific€class"€if€you€are€aware€of€some€class€of€verbs€whichÐ `° Ðare€the€only€ones,€or€nearly€the€only€ones,€that€allow€its€use.€If€the€strategy€is€restricted€in€its€use,Ð Lœ Ðplease€describe,€if€you€can,€what€you€think€the€restriction€is.€Please€give€a€few€examples€where€itÐ 8ˆ Ðis€possible€to€use€it,€and€a€few€examples€where€it€is€not€possible€to€use€it.€(e.g.,€"used€only€withÐ $t Ðverbs€of€motion").€Use€the€following€scale:€(a)€Has€(almost)€no€exceptions,€(b)€Has€fewÐ ` Ðexceptions,€Ô_Ô(c)Ô_Ô€Is€only€a€general€tendency,€(d)€Can't€tell.Ð üL ÐÌò ò3.3€€Context€of€Useó óÐ Ô$ ÐÌ3.3.1€€How€marked€or€natural€is€this€strategy?€For€example,€is€this€strategy€typical€of€a€particularÐ ¬ü Ðsocial€style€or€literary€style,€or€does€it€sound€old„fashioned?€Is€it€considered€formal€or€casual€or€isÐ ˜è Ðit€used€in€any€of€these€contexts?Ð „Ô ÐÌ3.3.2€€Is€special€intonation€or€emphasis€necessary,€and€if€so,€where€(e.g.,€is€it€on€the€morphemeÐ \ ¬ Ðthat€constitutes€the€marker€for€the€strategy€or€is€it€a€contour€on€the€verb,€or€perhaps€a€specialÐ H!˜ Ðcontour€for€the€whole€sentence).Ð 4"„  ÐÌ3.3.3€€Is€a€particular€discourse€context€(e.g.,€contradicting)€necessary?€For€example,€it€is€possibleÐ  $\" Ðto€get€Ô_ÔcoconstrualÔ_Ô€of€subject€and€object€in€English€with€an€object€pronoun€in€specialÐ ø$H # Ðcircumstances,€as€in€B1.Ð ä%4!$ ÐÌ€€€€€B1a)€If€Marsha€admires€just€one€person,€then€I€suspect€that€she€admires€just€HER.€Ð ¼' #& Ѐ€€€€€€€€b)€Marsha€thinks€I€should€trust€no€one€but€Ô_ÔherSELFÔ_Ô.Ð ¨(ø#' ÐÌSome€English€speakers€accept€a€pronominal€object€permitting€òòsheóó=òòheróó,€but€only€with€heavy€stressÐ €*Ð%) Ðon€òòheróó€as€in€B1a.€If€this€sort€of€stress€is€required,€we€suspect€that€a€simple€pronoun€is€notÐ l+¼&* Ðnormally€a€strategy€for€forming€reflexive€readings€in€English,€and€set€the€case€aside.€InÐ X,¨'+ Ðcontrastive€environments,€many€English€speakers€also€accept€(B1b),€where€what€is€otherwise€aÐ ° Ðreflexive€is€permitted€to€be€non„locally€related€to€its€antecedent€(the€local€antecedent€should€be€òòIóó.Ð œì ÐConsider€òòóówhether€or€not€one€of€the€strategies€you€have€named€may€be€described€as€only€possibleÐ ˆØ Ðin€such€a€specially€stressed€or€marked€environment.Ð tÄ ÐÌ3.3.4€€Do€you€have€any€other€comments€on€the€use€or€meaning€of€this€strategy,€or€on€how€itÐ L œ Ðdiffers€from€other€strategies€you€have€identified?€(Before€you€answer,€take€a€look€at€the€questionsÐ 8 ˆ Ðasked€in€the€following€sections).Ð $ t ÐÌò ò3.4€€Morphologyó óÐ ü L  ÐÌIn€this€section€we€explore€the€internal€structure€or€lexical€properties€of€the€form€that€supports€aÐ Ô$  Ðreflexive€or€reciprocal€reading€or€any€other€form€that€is€involved€in€the€strategy€(so,€for€example,Ð À  Ðif€a€given€strategy€involves€both€an€affix€on€the€verb€and€a€special€form€of€NP€argument,€answerÐ ¬ü  Ðfor€both€parts).€Complete€this€section€for€all€strategies€for€which€the€questions€make€sense.€(TheÐ ˜è  Ðstrategy€used€for€English€òòJohn€washedóó€contains€no€overt€morpheme,€so€that€would€be€a€caseÐ „Ô  Ðwhere€it€appears€that€there€is€nothing€to€say).Ð pÀ ÐÌ3.4.1€€Does€the€reflexive€element,€in€its€entirety,€have€a€Ô_ÔstateableÔ_Ô€lexical€translation?€ForÐ H˜ Ðexample,€many€languages€use€a€reflexive€consisting€of€a€pronoun€and€a€body€part€term,€e.g.,€"his„Ð 4„ Ðhead"€or€"him„face",€whereas€others€use€a€term€meaning€"own"€or€"same",€etc.€Reciprocals€oftenÐ  p Ðinvolve€the€term€"other",€but€some€languages€also€use€a€body€part€or€some€other€'meaning€atom'.Ð  \ ÐIn€some€languages,€it€is€not€obvious€that€there€is€any€translation€of€the€term€at€all.Ð øH ÐÌ3.4.2€€If€the€term€used€as€a€reflexive€or€reciprocal€can€be€used€for€a€non„reflexive/non„reciprocalÐ Ð  Ðmeaning,€is€it€an€ordinary€noun€that€can€be€possessed€by€other€pronouns?€Is€it€some€form€ofÐ ¼  Ðprepositional€phrase€or€adjective?€Is€there€anything€further€to€say€about€its€meaning€in€suchÐ ¨ø Ðcases?Ð ”ä ÐÌ3.4.3€€If€the€reflexive€element€has€clear€syntactic€and€part-of-speech€sub-structure€(e.g.,€head€andÐ l¼ Ðmodifiers,€determiners,€possessives)€show€it€here.€Provide€a€morpheme-by€morpheme€gloss€forÐ X ¨ Ðthe€visible€elements€of€the€strategy,€giving€the€following€information€about€each€morpheme.Ð D!” Ð(This€question€can€be€very€hard€to€answer€for€some€parts€or€altogether.€Provide€as€muchÐ 0"€  Ðinformation€as€you€can,€but€if€you€do€not€see€how€to€answer,€say€so€and€move€on).€Ð #l! ÐÌ€€€€€(a)€Agreement€features€etc.Ð ô$D # ÐÌ€€€€€(b)€Does€this€morpheme€have€a€lexical€meaning?€Is€it€clearly€or€plausibly€related€to€a€lexicallyÐ Ì&"% ÐÔ_ÔcontentfulÔ_Ô€word€or€morpheme?€Give€details€as€necessary.Ð ¸'#& ÐÌò ò3.5ó ó€€€ò òThe€agreement€paradigmó óÐ )à$( ÐÌ3.5.1€€Give€the€morphological€paradigm€of€each€reflexive€strategy.€Be€sure€to€vary€all€featuresÐ l+¼&* Ðthat€could€cause€the€form€of€the€reflexive€to€vary,€even€if€some€feature€is€only€relevant€inÐ X,¨'+ Ðcombination€with€a€single€combination€of€other€feature€values€(e.g.,€include€gender€even€if€it€isÐ ° Ðonly€relevant€in€nominative€uses€of€the€reflexive).Ð œì ÐÌFor€example,€for€English,€the€following€information€would€be€given,€presumably€with€remarksÐ tÄ Ðlike€those€below.Ð `° ÐÌ€€€€€B2)€myself,€ourselves,€yourself,€yourselves,€himself,€herself,€itself,€themselves.Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌRemarks:òò€€„€òòitselfóó€is€not€human€because€òòitóó€is€not€used€to€refer€to€humans.€The€òòselfóó€portion€can€beÐ  ` Ðsingular€or€plural€but€is€not€marked€for€gender.€The€forms€òòhimóó,€òòthemóó€and€òòheróó€are€homophonousÐ ü L  Ðwith€Accusative€in€English.€The€forms€òòmyóó,€òòouróó,€òòyouróó,€and€òòheróó€are€homophonous€with€possessiveÐ è 8  Ðpronouns€in€English.€There€is€no€òòselfóó€form€for€possessive€Ô_ÔNPsÔ_Ô,€so€just€the€possessive€(otherwiseÐ Ô$  Ðindependent)€pronoun€is€used€for€coreference.óóÐ À  ÐÌ3.5.2€€For€each€morphological€feature,€what€determines€its€value?€(For€example,€agreement€withÐ ˜è  Ðthe€antecedent,€or€agreement,€in€the€case€of€possessives€in€some€languages,€with€the€possessedÐ „Ô  ÐN.)€In€particular,€for€each€agreement€feature,€indicate€whether€it€must€agree€with€the€antecedent,Ð pÀ Ðor€perhaps€with€something€else,€and€whether€it€must€do€so€(a)€obligatorily,€or€(b)€usually€orÐ \¬ Ðoptionally.€Ð H˜ ÐÌà  àFor€example,€the€Modern€Greek€reflexiveòò€o€Ô_ÔeaftosÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔtouÔ_Ôóó€is€morphologically€an€NP€that€isÐ  p Ðalways€grammatically€masculine,€but€contains€a€possessive€that€agrees€in€person,€number€andÐ  \ Ðgender€with€the€antecedent.€The€reflexive€NP€is€also€marked€for€case,€according€to€its€syntacticÐ øH Ðposition.€Finally,€the€reflexive€NP€as€a€whole€may€be€either€singular€or€plural,€the€plural€formÐ ä4 Ðbeing€possible€(but€not€required)€when€the€antecedent€NP€is€plural.€This€interacts€withÐ Ð  Ðinterpretation€(Ô_ÔdistributivityÔ_Ô€etc.),€in€ways€that€are€not€immediately€obvious.òòóóÐ ¼  ÐÌà  àAll€forms€of€the€above€features,€Case,€person,€number€and€gender€(and€Ô_ÔanimacyÔ_Ô€or€nounÐ ”ä Ðclass,€if€it€is€marked€in€your€language)€should€be€given.€For€any€features€that€are€usually€orÐ €Ð Ðoptionally€employed,€provide€an€example€of€a€context€where€the€Ô_ÔoptionalityÔ_Ô€holds€and€provide€asÐ l¼ Ðmuch€additional€information€as€you€suspect€will€be€useful.€Ð X ¨ ÐÌò ò3.6€€€Interaction€with€verb€morphology€„€Incompatibilitiesó óÐ 0"€  ÐÌReflexives,€especially€those€that€are€attached€to€the€verb€rather€than€occupying€an€argumentÐ $X" Ðposition,€are€frequently€incompatible€with€other€morphological€operations€that€can€be€applied€toÐ ô$D # Ðthe€verb.€In€this€section€we€ask€you€to€look€for€such€morphological€incompatibilities€between€theÐ à%0!$ Ðreflexive€strategy€and€other€morphological€elements.€Sometimes€Case€combinations€areÐ Ì&"% Ðimpossible€or€phonological€or€prosodic€restrictions.€This€section€can€be€skipped€over€to€saveÐ ¸'#& Ðtime,€but€it€is€one€which€we€may€choose€to€explore€in€follow„up€investigations€(Note„€this€sectionÐ ¤(ô#' Ðis€slightly€renumbered€by€comparison€with€the€last€version€of€the€questionnaire)Ð )à$( ÐÌ3.6.1€Tense,€Mood,€Aspect.€Ð h+¸&* ÐIt€is€sometimes€observed€that€Ô_ÔcoconstrualÔ_Ô€strategies€are€sensitive€to€the€tense,€mood€or€aspect€of€aÐ T,¤'+ Ðclause,€particularly€if€the€aspect€(whether€an€event€is€complete€or€not)€has€other€syntactic€effects.Ð ° ÐIf€€there€is€any€sign€that€Ô_ÔcoconstrualÔ_Ô€for€some€strategy€is€blocked€or€peculiar€for€a€given€tenseÐ œì Ð(e.g.,€simple€past,€habitual,€generic),€mood€(such€as€subjunctive,€if€your€language€marks€it),€orÐ ˆØ Ðaspect,€please€comment€and€provide€examples€.€Check€with€at€least€the€verbs€meaning€òòseeóó,Ð tÄ Ðòòpraiseóó,€òòhelpóó,€òòlikeóó,€òòknowóó,€and€€òòwashóó.Ð `° ÐÌ€€€€€€B3a)€Gina€(generally)€washes€herselfÐ 8 ˆ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€b)€Gina€has€washed/was€washing€herself.Ð $ t Ѐ€€€€€€€€€c)€Gina€should€wash€herself.Ð  ` ÐÌ3.6.2€€Grammatical€Function€(Ô_ÔGFÔ_Ô)-changing€„€Consider€Ô_ÔGFÔ_Ô„changing€constructions€or€operationsÐ è 8  Ðin€your€language€that€affect€the€argument€structure€of€a€verb,€adding,€promoting,€or€demotingÐ Ô$  Ðarguments.€For€example,€passive,€Ô_ÔantipassiveÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔstativeÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔbenefactiveÔ_Ô,€applicative,€etc.€SometimesÐ À  ÐGrammatical-Function€Changing€("Ô_ÔGFÔ_Ô-changing")€morphemes,€such€as€passive,€inverse,€middle,Ð ¬ü  Ðdative€alternation,€causative,€applicative€affixes€or€markers€etc.€are€incompatible€with€a€givenÐ ˜è  ÐÔ_ÔcoconstrualÔ_Ô€strategy.€In€other€words,€where€the€result€of€the€Ô_ÔGFÔ_Ô„change€has€at€least€twoÐ „Ô  Ðarguments,€check€whether€the€Ô_ÔGFÔ_Ô„change€is€compatible€with€the€current€strategy.€Manipulate€theÐ pÀ Ðverbs€meaning€òòtalk€toóó,òò€giveóó,€òòvisitóó,€and€òòkill.óóÐ \¬ ÐÌà  àFor€example,€English€permits€passives,€but€the€pronoun„SELF€strategy€of€English€isÐ 4„ Ðconsidered€marginal€or€*€in€the€passive€òòbyóó„phrase.€Compare,€òòJohn€killed€himselfóó€with€òòJohn€wasÐ  p Ðkilled€by€himselfóó,€where€the€second€one€is€only€acceptable€with€a€non„reflexive€adverbialÐ  \ Ðinterpretation€(i.e.,€òòJohn€was€killed€when€he€was€aloneó󀄀though€this€is€still€an€anaphoricÐ øH Ðinterpretation,€since€òòhimselfóó€in€òòby€himselfóó€must€be€anteceded€by€òòJohnóó€and€agree€with€it)òòóó.€In€otherÐ ä4 Ðwords,€passive€is€incompatible€with€òòòòóóóópronoun„SELF€Ô_ÔreflexivizationÔ_Ô€in€English.€By€comparison,Ð Ð  Ðdative€alternations€do€not€affect€the€acceptability€of€the€pronoun„SELF€strategy€in€English,€as€inÐ ¼  ÐòòGary€gave€a€book€to€himselfóó€and€òòGary€gave€himself€a€bookóó€(though€I€personally€have€a€slightÐ ¨ø Ðpreference€for€the€latter).òòòòóóóóÐ ”ä Ѐ€€€€Ð €Ð Ðà  àIf€the€interaction€is€too€unclear,€or€too€dependent€on€syntactic€details,€you€may€postponeÐ l¼ Ðfilling€in€this€section€until€you€have€done€section€4.1.2.7,€where€syntactic€aspects€are€examined€inÐ X ¨ Ðmore€detail.Ð D!” ÐÌ3.6.3€€(formerly€3.6.1)€If€you€are€aware€of€operations€or€morphemes€that€cannot€co-occur€withÐ #l! Ðthis€strategy,€then€list€them€here,€providing€an€example€an€a€brief€statement€of€what€theÐ $X" Ðincompatible€morphemes€or€constructions€are.€So€for€example,€if€your€language€distinguishesÐ ô$D # Ðaccusative€case€from€dative€case,€is€one€or€the€other€case€exclusively€compatible€or€incompatibleÐ à%0!$ Ðwith€a€particular€strategy?Ð Ì&"% ÐÌò ò3.7€€€€Uses€that€are€not€quite€coreferenceó óÐ ¤(ô#' ÐÌà  àThe€body€of€the€questionnaire€investigates€uses€of€the€identified€strategies€as€coreferenceÐ |*Ì%) Ðstrategies,€meaning€that€they€express€coreference€or€overlap€between€two€logical€arguments€(orÐ h+¸&* Ðadjuncts)€of€a€clause.€Are€there€other€uses€of€this€strategy,€in€which€it€does€not€expressÐ T,¤'+ Ðcoreference€between€two€arguments€or€adjuncts€(e.g.,€like€Ô_ÔlocativesÔ_Ô€or€Ô_ÔdirectionalsÔ_Ô)?€ManyÐ ° Ðlanguages€use€reflexive€morphology€for€purposes€not€obviously€connected€to€Ô_ÔreflexivizationÔ_Ô.€IfÐ œì Ðso,€explain€and€provide€a€few€examples.€Some€frequent€uses€of€reflexive€strategies:Ð ˆØ ÐÌ3.7.1€€Idiosyncratic€or€inherent.€Some€languages€have€verbs€that€lexically€require€a€reflexiveÐ `° Ðwhich€does€not€appear€to€correspond€to€an€argument.€The€uses€are€typically€special€idioms.Ð L œ Ð[Example:€€English€has€a€few€such€verbs,€for€example,€òòperjure€oneselfóó.€For€this€verb,€*òòJohnÐ 8 ˆ Ðperjured€Billóó€is€not€possible.€German€has€many€more,€such€as€òòÔ_ÔsichÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔerinnerenÔ_Ôóó,"to€remember",€asÐ $ t Ðdoes€French,€such€as€òòÔ_Ôs'vanouirÔ_Ôóó,€"to€faint"]€Are€there€such€uses€for€the€current€strategy?€If€so,Ð  ` Ðgive€examples€of€as€many€as€possible.€It€may€turn€out€that€not€all€reflexive€idioms€you€find€makeÐ ü L  Ðuse€of€the€same€strategy€.€Martin€Ô_ÔEvereartÔ_Ô€has€noted€that€most€idiosyncratic€(sometimes€calledÐ è 8  Ð'inherent')€reflexives€in€Dutch€are€formed€with€òòÔ_ÔzichÔ_Ôóó,€but€a€small€set€of€others€are€formed€withÐ Ô$  ÐòòÔ_ÔzichzelfÔ_Ôóó.€Please€be€on€the€look„out€for€such€contrasts.€Ð À  ÐÌ3.7.2€€Emphatic€or€intensifier.€As€in€the€English,€òòThe€president€himself€answered€the€phoneóó.Ð ˜è  ÐÌ3.7.3€€Middle.€The€argument€structure€of€the€verb€is€changed€into€a€form€that€has€an€explicitÐ pÀ Ðpatient,€but€no€agent€is€present€and€an€agent€may€or€may€not€be€implied.€In€English,€thisÐ \¬ Ðconstruction€is€not€marked€by€any€overt€morphology,€e.g.,€òòThe€tires€on€this€car€change€easilyóó.Ð H˜ ÐHowever,€middles€are€associated€with€Ô_ÔreflexivizationÔ_Ô€in€many€languages.€Greek€uses€passiveÐ 4„ Ðmorphology€for€middles,€and€as€a€Ô_ÔreflexivizationÔ_Ô€strategy.Ð  p ÐÌ3.7.4€€Distributive,€Ô_ÔsociativeÔ_Ô,€etc.€Some€strategies€(reciprocal€markers€most€frequently)€can€alsoÐ øH Ðbe€used€to€mean€that€some€action€was€performed€separately,€or€jointly,€or€repeatedly,€etc.€YouÐ ä4 Ðshould€only€report€uses€that€do€not€involve€coreference€between€two€logical€arguments.Ð Ð  ÐÌ3.7.5€€Deictic€use€„€If€the€current€strategy€involves€a€nominal€form€(e.g.,€English€òòhimselfóó)€CanÐ ¨ø Ðthis€form€be€used€when€the€antecedent€is€physically€present€or€otherwise€prominent,€but€has€notÐ ”ä Ðbeen€mentioned€(such€that€X€does€not€refer€to€Bill€or€Mary)?€(Suggest€a€context€if€necessary).Ð €Ð ÐÌ€€€€€€B5a)€Bill€did€not€see€XÐ X ¨ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€b)€Does€Mary€like€X?Ð D!” Ѐ€€€€€€€€€c)€X€went€to€the€bank€yesterday.Ð 0"€  ÐÌCan€this€form€be€used€to€refer€to€one€of€the€participants€in€the€conversation€who€is€not€otherwiseÐ $X" Ðmentioned€in€that€sentence?€Ð ô$D # ÐÌ€€€€€€B6a)€Bill€insulted€X.€(X€=€speaker,€X€=€addressee)Ð Ì&"% Ѐ€€€€€€€€€b)€Many€people€do€not€like€anchovies,€but€X€likes€them.Ð ¸'#& Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€(X€=€speaker,€X€=€addressee)Ð ¤(ô#' ÐÌCan€the€form€in€question€be€used€in€a€sense€like€that€of€English€generic€òòoneóó€(which€is€not€evenlyÐ |*Ì%) Ðacceptable€for€English€speakers€in€non„subject€environments).€Or€is€there€a€meaning€that€meansÐ h+¸&* Ð"arbitrary€person".€There€are€otherwise€local€anaphors€in€Hindi,€for€example,€that€can€have€theÐ T,¤'+ Ðlatter€usage.Ð ° ÐÌ€€€€€€B7a)€I€don't€like€the€way€he€speaks€to€one.Ð ˆØ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€b)€One€cannot€be€too€carefulÐ tÄ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€c)€Bill€insults€one€before€one€can€say€a€word.Ð `° ÐÌ3.7.6€€Other.€Are€there€other€ways€to€use€the€strategy€that€do€not€express€coreference€(orÐ 8 ˆ Ðreciprocal€coreference)€between€two€arguments?€If€so,€give€examples€and€a€brief€explanationÐ $ t Ðhere.Ð  ` ÐÌò ò3.8€€Proxy€readingsó óÐ è 8  ÐÌà  àOne€interpretation€that€the€choice€of€coreferent€strategy€is€sometimes€sensitive€to€is€proxyÐ À  Ðinterpretation.€A€proxy€reading€is€one€where€the€coreferent€argument€is€understood€as€aÐ ¬ü  Ðrepresentation€of€or€a€"stand€in"€for€the€reference€of€the€antecedent.€This€is€often€the€case€withÐ ˜è  Ðstatues,€for€example,€or€authors€(e.g.,€òòÔ_ÔGrishamÔ_Ôóó)€and€their€work.€Feel€free€to€substitute€yourÐ „Ô  Ðfavorite€national€author€for€òòÔ_ÔGrishamÔ_Ôóó.Ð pÀ ÐÌ€€€€€€B8a)€Castro€admired€himself€in€the€wax€museum.€(òòhimselfóó€=€statue€of€Castro)Ð H˜ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€b)€Ô_ÔGrishamÔ_Ô€has€not€read€himself€in€Swahili,€though€he€has€read€himself€inÐ 4„ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Spanish.€(òòhimselfóó€=€Ô_ÔGrishamÔ_Ô's€writings)Ð  p ÐÌThe€differences€emerge€in€English€for€cases€like€those€in€(B9).€Imagine€that€the€wax€museum€isÐ øH Ðhaving€a€special€event,€which€the€wax€statues€of€each€celebrity€will€be€washed€and€dressed€by€theÐ ä4 Ðcelebrity€they€represent.Ð Ð  ÐÌ€€€€€€B9a)€Castro€washed€himself€carefully,€so€as€not€to€damage€the€wax.Ð ¨ø Ѐ€€€€€€€€€b)€Castro€washed€carefully,€so€as€not€to€damage€the€wax.Ð ”ä Ѐ€€€€€€€€€c)€The€movie€star€dressed€herself€carefully,€so€as€not€to€damage€the€wax.Ð €Ð Ѐ€€€€€€€€€d)€The€movie€star€dressed€carefully,€so€as€not€to€damage€the€wax.Ð l¼ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€e)€Castro€saw€himself€in€the€show,€but€he€didn't€like€what€he€saw.Ð X ¨ ÐÌThe€judgments€for€English€in€these€cases€is€that€the€null€strategy€in€(B9b,d),€possible€for€theÐ 0"€  Ðverbs€òòdressóó€and€òòwashóó€normally,€are€not€acceptable€here,€at€least€not€in€the€intended€sense.€WhileÐ #l! Ð(B9d)€permits€a€reading€that€the€movie€star€dressed€her€own€person,€not€her€statue,€in€a€way€thatÐ $X" Ðdoes€not€damage€the€wax,€it€does€not€mean€that€she€dressed€the€statue,€a€reading€possible€forÐ ô$D # Ð(B9c).€In€the€case€of€(B9b),€there€is€a€reading€for€which€Castro€did€some€non„specific€washing,Ð à%0!$ Ðperhaps€of€the€statue,€in€a€way€that€does€not€damage€the€wax,€but€it€does€not€have€the€moreÐ Ì&"% Ðspecific€reading€that€Castro€washed€the€statue€of€him€that€(B9a)€has.€For€(B9e),€imagine€a€showÐ ¸'#& Ðwhere€an€actor€is€playing€the€part€of€Castro€and€Castro€is€in€the€audience€watching€hisÐ ¤(ô#' Ðcounterpart€on€stage.Ð )à$( ÐÌà  àTest€for€proxy€readings€in€your€language€and€see€if€there€are€instances€where€they€areÐ h+¸&* Ðpossible€and€others€where€they€are€not.€Proxy€readings€do€not€require€locality,€so€cases€like€B10a„Ð T,¤'+ Ðc€are€also€generally€possible.Ð ° ÐÌ€€€€€€B10a)€Ô_ÔGrishamÔ_Ô€says€he€sounds€better€in€Swahili.€(where€òòheóó€=€Ô_ÔGrishamÔ_Ô's€writings)Ð ˆØ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€b)€Castro€thought€that€he€looked€handsome.€(òòheóó€=€statue€of€Castro)€Ð tÄ ÐÌProvide€both€local€and€long€distance€examples€with€gloss€and€translation€of€proxy€readings.€IfÐ L œ Ðproxy€readings€seem€difficult€for€you€to€get€just€say€so,€and€if€you€find€that€you€need€to€transformÐ 8 ˆ Ðthe€examples€in€some€way€to€get€the€right€interpretation,€feel€free€to€do€so,€but€then€be€extraÐ $ t Ðcareful€about€gloss€and€translation.Ð  ` ÐÌà  àProxy€readings€are€also€possible€for€reciprocals€in€many€languages.€For€(B11a),€onceÐ è 8  Ðagain€the€antecedents€are€the€authors€and€òòeach€otheróó€describes€the€works€these€authors€haveÐ Ô$  Ðwritten,€such€that€Mark€Twain€did€not€read€Victor€Hugo's€novels€in€Swahili€and€Victor€Hugo€didÐ À  Ðnot€read€Mark€Twain's€novels€in€Berber.€For€(B11b),€imagine€a€show€where€there€are€actorsÐ ¬ü  Ðmasquerading€as€our€two€protagonists.€The€first€òòeach€otheróó€refers€to€the€person€Marlene€andÐ ˜è  ÐCastro,€but€the€second€òòeach€otheróó€òòòòóóóórefers€to€the€actors€(or€statues)€representing€them€on€the€stageÐ „Ô  Ðor€in€the€show.Ð pÀ ÐÌ€€€€€B11a)€Mark€Twain€and€Victor€Hugo€did€not€read€each€other€in€Berber.Ð H˜ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€b)€Marlene€and€Castro€did€not€see€each€other€in€the€audience,€but€they€did€see€each€Ð 4„ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€other€on€the€stage/in€the€show.Ð  p ÐÌò ò3.9€Ellipsisó óÐ øH ÐÌConsider€the€following€examples,€which€all€have€an€ellipsis€of€one€sort€or€another.Ð Ð  ÐÌB12a)€Sherman€likes/praises€himself€more€than€BillÐ ¨ø Ѐ€€€€€€b)€Sherman€likes/praises€himself€more€than€Bill€doesÐ ”ä ÐÌEnglish€permits€both€of€these,€though€I€suspect€(B12b)€may€not€be€as€widely€available€as€(B12a).Ð l¼ ÐIf€not,€then€concentrate€on€(B12a).€The€following€readings€are€possible€for€(B12a)€in€English:Ð X ¨ ÐÌ€€€€€Ô_ÔiÔ_Ô.€Sherman€likes/praises€himself€more€than€Sherman€likes€Bill.Ð 0"€  Ѐ€€€€ii.€Sherman€likes/praises€himself€more€than€Bill€likes€him€(=Sherman).Ð #l! Ѐ€€€€iii.€Sherman€likes/praises€himself€more€than€Bill€likes€himself.Ð $X" ÐÌPlease€try€to€formulate€sentences€like€those€in€(B12a)€(an/or€B12b,€if€that€is€possible)€trying€outÐ à%0!$ Ðeach€of€the€non„reciprocal€strategies€in€the€first€clause€and€determining€for€each€strategy€which€ofÐ Ì&"% Ðthe€readings€Ô_ÔiÔ_Ô„iii.€are€possible.€If€you€have€several€strategies€in€your€language,€then€we€expect€youÐ ¸'#& Ðwill€have€many€examples€as€translations€of€(12a,b)€for€whatever€verb€works€with€the€strategy€inÐ ¤(ô#' Ðquestion.€Please€adjust€the€examples€to€use€appropriate€verbs€for€the€strategy€you€are€testing,€andÐ )à$( Ðif€there€are€generalizations€about€which€verbs€go€with€which€strategies€more€successfully,€thatÐ |*Ì%) Ðwould€be€very€interesting€to€know.€Remember€to€try€both€affixal€and€argument€anaphorÐ h+¸&* Ðstrategies,€if€your€language€has€both.Ð T,¤'+ Їò òPART€4€€€€Exploration€of€syntactic€domainsó óÐ ° ÐÌà  àThis€section€is€more€exploratory€than€the€preceding€ones,€and€so€we€rely€more€on€yourÐ ˆØ Ðlinguistic€expertise€and€your€sense€of€what€we€are€looking€for€in€the€pattern€of€anaphora€in€yourÐ tÄ Ðlanguage.€Soliciting€examples€for€all€possible€combinations€of€syntactic€factors€would€be€aÐ `° Ðprohibitive€task.€We€present€selected€combinations€of€syntactic€factors€and€ask€you€be€on€theÐ L œ Ðlookout€for€any€significant€interactions€between€these€factors€and€the€strategies€they€allow,€suchÐ 8 ˆ Ðas€distance€from€the€antecedent,€type€of€antecedent,€and€some€details€of€interpretation.€Some€ofÐ $ t Ðthe€information€asked€for€here€will€be€redundant€with€respect€to€earlier€information,€but€pleaseÐ  ` Ðbear€with€us,€as€we€are€establishing€broader€paradigms€of€what€is€possible€for€each€strategy.Ð ü L  ÐPlease€read€these€instructions€carefully,€and€return€to€them€if€unclear€about€how€to€handle€aÐ è 8  Ðquestion.Ð Ô$  ÐÌà  àIn€this€section€you€will€be€asked€to€construct€a€variety€of€sentence€types€and€test€theirÐ ¬ü  Ðacceptability.€In€typical€cases,€an€English€sentence€will€be€provided€as€a€guide€with€one€argumentÐ ˜è  Ðmarked€"X"€and€the€X€argument€is€to€be€construed€as€coreferent€with€some€other€designatedÐ „Ô  Ðargument€(e.g.,€X€=€John).€When€you€are€asked€to€provide€a€reciprocal€example,€change€òòJohnóó€toÐ pÀ Ðsome€plural€subject€of€the€form€òòJohn€and€Billóó€or€òòthe€boysóó€or€òòthe€girlsóó,€but€do€not€use€other€sorts€ofÐ \¬ Ðsubjects€unless€you€are€instructed€to€do€so€(we€are€avoiding€certain€kinds€of€complications€thatÐ H˜ Ðarise€with€quantified€subjects€that€we€will€ask€about€separately€below).Ð 4„ ÐÌà  àUse€the€following€symbols€for€grammaticality€judgements.€You€do€not€have€to€employ€allÐ  \ Ðof€them€for€any€given€paradigm.Ð øH ÐÌ€€€€€€ok€=€PerfectÐ Ð  Ѐ€€€€€?€=€A€bit€odd,€but€acceptableÐ ¼  Ѐ€€€€€?*€=€Pretty€badÐ ¨ø Ѐ€€€€€*€=€UnacceptableÐ ”ä Ѐ€€€€€**€=€Word€jumbleÐ €Ð ÐÌTo€show€how€we€would€like€you€to€proceed€in€this€section,€we€begin€with€a€relatively€simpleÐ X ¨ Ðelicitation.€Construct€a€relatively€simple€transitive€sentence,€such€as€òòJohn€hit€Billóó,€providing€glossÐ D!” Ðand€translation.€Now€use€each€coreference€strategy€in€your€list€to€change€the€sentence€youÐ 0"€  Ðconstructed€into€a€reflexive.€For€example,€for€a€sentence€like€òòJohn€hit€Xóó€where€X€is€John,€try€eachÐ #l! Ðstrategy€and€determine€whether€or€not€the€outcome€is€successful€for€a€reflexive€or€reciprocalÐ $X" Ðreading.€For€English,€we€might€describe€four€strategies€as€IMPLICIT,€X„SELF,€EACH„O€and€O„Ð ô$D # Ðanother€(òòone€anotheróó)€as€well€as€the€pronominal€strategy€which,€in€English,€does€not€normallyÐ à%0!$ Ðwork€for€Ô_ÔcoargumentÔ_Ô€coreference.€As€a€native€English€speaker,€I€might€respond€as€follows.Ð Ì&"% ÐÌ€€€€€X1a)*John€hit.Ð ¤(ô#' Ѐ€€€€€€€€b)€John€hit€himself.Ð )à$( Ѐ€€€€€€€€c)*The€boys€hit.€Ð |*Ì%) Ѐ€€€€€€€€d)€The€boys€hit€each€other.Ð h+¸&* Ѐ€€€€€€€€e)€The€boys€hit€one€another.Ð T,¤'+ Ѐ€€€€€€€€f)*John€hit€himÐ ° ÐÌRemarks:€òòExample€(X1c)€is€not€possible€with€any€interpretation,€reciprocal€or€reflexive.€TheÐ ˆØ ÐIMPLICIT€strategy€is€limited€to€certain€verb€classes,€as€mentioned€in€section€2.1.3.Ð tÄ ÐóóÌà  àNow€suppose€that€the€verb€chosen€had€been€òòwashóó.€As€a€native€English€speaker,€I€mightÐ L œ Ðrespond€as€follows.€Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌ€€€€€X2a)€John€washed.Ð  ` Ѐ€€€€€€€€b)€John€washed€himself.Ð ü L  Ѐ€€€€€€€€c)€The€boys€washed.Ð è 8  Ѐ€€€€€€€€d)€The€boys€washed€each€other.Ð Ô$  Ѐ€€€€€€€€e)€The€boys€washed€one€another.Ð À  Ѐ€€€€€€€€f)*John€washed€him.Ð ¬ü  ÐÌRemarks:€òòExamples€(X2a)€and€(X2b)€contrast,€although€the€difference€is€unclear€to€me.€YouÐ „Ô  Ðcould€say€òòJohn€washed€himself€cleanóó,€but€not€*òòJohn€washed€cleanóó.€I€am€not€sure€why.€ExampleÐ pÀ Ð(X2c)€can€have€a€reflexive€interpretation€like€(X2a),€but€(X2a)€is€*€if€it€is€intended€to€have€aÐ \¬ Ðreciprocal€reading€like€(X2d)€or€(X2e).€The€implicit€(null)€strategy,€as€mentioned€in€section€2.1.3,Ð H˜ Ðis€limited€to€verbs€of€grooming,€etc.,€so€I€will€not€test€it€further€with€verbs€it€is€not€compatibleÐ 4„ Ðwith.€óóÐ  p ÐÌà  àNow€suppose€the€example€is€constructed€as€follows,€where€what€we€are€seeking€to€test€isÐ øH Ðwhether€or€not€the€possessive€of€an€argument€of€the€main€predicate€(verb€in€this€case)€can€beÐ ä4 Ðrepresented€by€one€of€the€coreference€strategies€that€we€have€identified€as€holding€betweenÐ Ð  ÐÔ_ÔcoargumentsÔ_Ô.Ð ¼  ÐÌ€€€€€X3a)*John€saw€himself's€mother.Ð ”ä Ѐ€€€€€€€€b)*John€washed€mother,Ð €Ð Ѐ€€€€€€€€c)?John€and€Bill€saw€each€other's€mother.Ð l¼ Ѐ€€€€€€€€d)?*John€and€Bill€saw€one€another's€mother.Ð X ¨ Ѐ€€€€€€€€e)€John€and€Bill€saw€their€mother.Ð D!” Ѐ€€€€€€€€f)€John€washed/saw€his€mother.Ð 0"€  ÐÌRemarks:€òòI€had€to€change€the€verb€to€òòwashóó€to€test€the€implicit€strategy,€since€that€strategy€isÐ $X" Ðgenerally€impossible€with€òòseeóó,€but€it€doesn't€help€and€plurality€wouldn't€make€a€difference.€WeÐ ô$D # Ðdon't€have€a€possessive€x„self€form,€but€a€pronoun€works€for€coreference€here€with€a€singular€orÐ à%0!$ Ðplural€antecedent.€For€some€reason,€the€reciprocals€sound€odd€in€this€construction,€but€theyÐ Ì&"% Ðimprove€a€lot€if€we€replace€òòmotheróó€with€òòmothersóó.€Then€I€would€accept€(X3c)€completely,€butÐ ¸'#& Ðmaybe€(X3d)€is€still€?.€Incidentally,€the€plural€pronoun€in€(X3e)€does€not€appear€to€have€aÐ ¤(ô#' Ðreciprocal€reading,€but€maybe€it€is€just€vague.óóÐ )à$( ÐÌThese€are€examples€of€the€sorts€of€responses€you€might€give€for€your€language€when€you€provideÐ h+¸&* Ðsentences€for€us€with€gloss,€translation,€and€any€commentary€that€you€feel€would€help€usÐ T,¤'+ Ðunderstand.Ð ° ÐÌò ò4.1€Clausemate€coconstrualó óÐ ˆØ ÐÌThe€following€questions€will€provide€a€broad€outline€of€the€types€of€predicates€that€allow€the€useÐ `° Ðof€each€strategy.Ð L œ ÐÌò ò4.1.1€€Verb€class€restrictionsó óÐ $ t ÐÌ4.1.1.1€€Canonical€Ô_ÔtransitivesÔ_Ô€„€Can€this€strategy€be€used€with€ordinary€transitive€verbs,€such€asÐ ü L  Ðthe€verb€meaning€"see"?€Give€some€examples,€including€the€following.Ð è 8  ÐÌ€€€€€€C1a)€Bob€saw€X.Ð À  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€b)€The€women€described€X.Ð ¬ü  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€c)€You(pl.)€kicked€X.Ð ˜è  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€d)€They€praised€XÐ „Ô  ÐÌ4.1.1.2€€Commonly€reflexive€predicates€„€Can€this€strategy€be€used€with€verbs€of€grooming,Ð \¬ Ðinalienable-possession€objects,€etc?€Give€judgements€on€the€following.€Provide€some€additionalÐ H˜ Ðexamples€of€your€own.Ð 4„ ÐÌ€€€€€€C3a)€Donna€washed€X.€(X€=€Donna)Ð  \ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€b)€Don€cut€X's€hair.€(X€=€Don).Ð øH Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€c)€The€girl€cut€X€[unintentionally]€(X€=€the€girl)Ð ä4 ÐÌ4.1.1.3€€Psychological€predicates.€Please€provide€examples€for€verbs€like€those€below,€even€ifÐ ¼  Ðnothing€exact€seems€appropriate€for€the€current€strategy,€marking€them€according€to€the€level€ofÐ ¨ø Ðtheir€acceptability€based€on€the€scale€given€above.Ð ”ä ÐÌ€€€€€€C4a)€John€hates/fears€XÐ l¼ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€b)€John€is€ashamed€of€XÐ X ¨ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€c)€John€is€worried€about€XÐ D!” Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€d)€John€is€proud€of€XÐ 0"€  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€e)€John€worries/troubles/pleases€XÐ #l! ÐÌ4.1.1.4€€Creation€and€destruction€predicates.€Provide€examples€in€addition€to€(C5)€using€verbs€ofÐ ô$D # Ðcreation€(e.g.,€"sew",€"make",€"form")€or€destruction€(e.g.€"kill",€"eliminate",€"make€disappear").òòóóÐ à%0!$ ÐÌ€€€€€€C5a)€The€women€will€destroy€XÐ ¸'#& Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€b)€The€machines€built€X€(X€=€themselves)Ð ¤(ô#' ÐÌ4.1.1.5€€Verbs€of€representation.€Reflexive€versions€of€these€verbs€include€instances€whereÐ |*Ì%) Ðindividuals€act€on€their€own€behalf,€rather€than€have€someone€act€in€their€name€or€for€them.Ð h+¸&* ÐÐ T,¤'+ Ѐ€€€€€C6a)€The€boys€represented€X.Ð ° Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€b)€John€spoke€for€X.Ð œì ÐÌAt€this€point€you€might€want€to€reconsider€your€answer€to€section€3.7.1,€where€we€asked€youÐ tÄ Ðabout€idiosyncratic€or€inherent€reflexives€„€perhaps€some€of€the€ones€you€looked€at€earlier€belongÐ `° Ðto€some€pattern€that€you€might€alert€us€to€here.€€€€€€€€€€Ð L œ Є„„„„„„„„„„ÌAt€this€point,€we€should€have€some€idea€of€the€verb€classes€for€which€local€coreference€strategiesÐ $ t Ðsucceed,€and€so€from€this€point€on,€in€formulating€sentences€testing€the€usage€of€a€given€strategy,Ð  ` Ðuse€only€predicates€that€would€not€be€excluded€for€that€strategy€based€on€the€verb€classÐ ü L  Ðrestrictions€you€have€already€given€us.€For€example,€if€the€current€strategy€cannot€be€used€withÐ è 8  Ðthe€verb€"see",€then€there€is€no€need€to€show€that,€for€example,€reverse€binding€with€"see"€(e.g.Ð Ô$  Ð*òòHimself€saw€Joeóóòòóó,€see€4.1.3.6€below)€is€ungrammatical;€instead,€start€with€a€predicate€that€isÐ À  Ðcompatible€with€the€that€strategy.Ð ¬ü  ÐÌò ò4.1.2€€€Argument€position€pairingsó óÐ „Ô  ÐÌ4.1.2.1€Subject-indirect€object€„€The€preceding€questions€asked€mostly€about€subject-objectÐ \¬ Ðcoreference.€Can€this€strategy€be€used€to€express€coreference€between€a€subject€and€an€indirectÐ H˜ Ðobject?€Choose€verbs€that€have€an€indirect€object€in€your€language.Ð 4„ ÐÌ€€€€€€C7a)€Mary€gave€the€gift€to€X€(X€=€Mary)Ð  \ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€b)€John€showed€the€house€to€X€(X€=€John)Ð øH ÐÌFor€comparison,€also€provide€judgements€for€the€following:Ð Ð  ÐÌ€€€€€C8a)€Mary€gave€X€the€gift€(X€=€Mary)Ð ¨ø Ѐ€€€€€€€€€b)€John€showed€X€to€the€children€(X€=€John)Ð ”ä ÐÌ4.1.2.2€€Oblique€arguments€„€Give€some€examples€with€oblique€arguments,€in€whatever€formsÐ l¼ Ðyour€language€allows.€Choose€verbs€that€take€oblique€arguments€in€your€language€and€if€yourÐ X ¨ Ðlanguage€has€morphological€case,€look€for€arguments€that€are€not€in€the€normal€case€for€objectsÐ D!” Ð(e.g.,€not€in€the€Accusative).€For€example,€in€German,€the€verb€òòÔ_ÔhelfenÔ_Ôóó€meaning€"to€help"€takes€anÐ 0"€  Ðobject€that€is€casemarked€Dative€even€though€the€objects€of€òòhitóó€and€òòseeóó€would€be€casemarkedÐ #l! ÐAccusative.€If€your€language€does€not€have€overt€Case,€then€focus€on€the€indirect€objects€ofÐ $X" ÐÔ_ÔditransitiveÔ_Ô€verbs€(e.g.,€in€English,€òòAliceóó€in€òòDan€gave€Aliceòòóó€a€bookóó€is€the€indirect€object€of€aÐ ô$D # Ðtransitive€verb)€and€prepositional€objects,€but€be€sure€to€consider€these€sorts€of€argument€typesÐ à%0!$ Ðwhether€your€language€has€Ô_ÔcasemarkingÔ_Ô€or€not.€Ð Ì&"% Ѐ€€€€Ð ¸'#& Ѐ€€€€C9a)€Dan€talked€to€X.Ð ¤(ô#' Ѐ€€€€€€€€€b)€Dan€told€Mary€about€X€(X€=€Dan)Ð )à$( Ѐ€€€€€€€€€c)€Dan€gave€X€a€book.Ð |*Ì%) ÐÌ4.1.2.3€€Subject-adjunct€„€Provide€some€examples€of€coreference€between€a€subject€and€anÐ T,¤'+ Ðadjunct,€e.g.,€a€locative€PP.€If€appropriate€translations€are€not€prepositional€objects,€try€toÐ ° Ðconstruct€appropriate€examples.Ð œì ÐÌ€€€€€C10a)€Mary€saw€a€snake€behind€X€(X€=€Mary)Ð tÄ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€b)€Mary€called€me€because€of€an€article€about€X€(X€=€Mary)Ð `° Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€c)€John€offended€Mary€because€of€X€(X€=€John)Ð L œ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€d)€We€laughed€in€spite€of€XÐ 8 ˆ ÐÌ4.1.2.4€€Ô_ÔDitransitivesÔ_Ô€and€double€complements„€Can€the€strategy€be€used€to€indicate€coreferenceÐ  ` Ðbetween€the€two€non„subject€arguments€of€a€verb?.€If€there€is€more€than€one€way€to€express€theÐ ü L  Ðtwo€non„subject€arguments€of€a€verb€like€"give",€give€examples€for€each€type€of€construction.€InÐ è 8  ÐEnglish,€for€example,€we€would€want€examples€both€of€the€type€"show€Hal€the€book"€and€"showÐ Ô$  Ðthe€book€to€Hal."€(where€X€=€Hal€for€C11a„d).€For€example,€for€(C11c),€òòBill€gave€Hal€himselfóó,Ð À  Ðwhich€is€admittedly€pragmatically€awkward,€but€imagine€for€(C11a)€that€Mary€is€showing€Hal€hisÐ ¬ü  Ðimage€in€the€mirror€„€imagine€Hal€had€never€seen€a€mirror€before.Ð ˜è  ÐÌ€€€€€C11a)€Mary€showed€Hal€to€X.Ð pÀ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€b)€Mary€showed€X€to€Hal.Ð \¬ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€c)€Bill€gave€Hal€X.Ð H˜ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€d)€Bill€gave€X€Hal.Ð 4„ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€e)€Mary€told/asked€the€boys€about€Ô_ÔthemslevesÔ_Ô/each€other.Ð  p Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€f)€Mary€showed/introduced/presented€the€boys€to€each€other.Ð  \ ÐÌ4.1.2.5€€Two€internal€arguments€or€adjuncts€„€Consider€coreference€between€two€arguments€ofÐ ä4 Ðadjunct€Ô_ÔNPsÔ_Ô€in€the€same€clause,€neither€of€which€is€a€subject€and€neither€of€which€is€a€directÐ Ð  Ðobject€(if€your€language€has€such€constructions€„€if€not€just€say€so€and€move€on).€Consider€X=HalÐ ¼  Ðin€(C12).€If€I€were€answering€for€English,€I€would€say€that€(C12c)€is€successful€with€the€pronoun„Ð ¨ø ÐSELF€strategy,€(C12b,d)€òòóófail€with€both€pronoun„SELF€and€the€independent€pronoun€strategies,Ð ”ä Ðand€C12a€is€marginal€with€the€independent€pronoun€strategy.€Ð €Ð ÐÌ€€€€€C12a)€Bill€talked€about€Hal€to€X.€Ð X ¨ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€b)€Mary€talked€about€X€to€Hal.Ð D!” Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€c)€Mary€talked€to€Hal€about€XÐ 0"€  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€d)€Mary€talked€to€X€about€Hal.Ð #l! ÐÌ4.1.2.6€€Clausemate€Ô_ÔnoncoargumentsÔ_ÔÐ ô$D # ÐPossessives€„€Give€examples€based€on€the€following€sentences,€and/or€by€constructing€analogousÐ à%0!$ Ðexamples€from€reflexive€sentences€from€the€previous€sections.€For€each€of€(C13)€and€(C14),€X€=Ð Ì&"% ÐNick.Ð ¸'#& ÐÌ€€€€€C13a)€Nick€telephoned€X's€mother.Ð )à$( Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€b)€Nick€combed€X's€hair.Ð |*Ì%) Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€c)€Nick€spoke€to€X's€boss.Ð h+¸&* Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€d)€Nick€put€X's€book€on€the€table.Ð T,¤'+ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€e)€The€king€gave€Nick€a€prize€in€X's€village.€Ð ° Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€f)€The€boys€washed€X's€face.Ð œì Ѐ€€€€C14a)€Nick's€father€admires€X.Ð ˆØ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€b)€Nick's€ambition€destroyed€X.Ð tÄ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€c)€Nick's€mother€sold€X's€car.Ð `° ÐÌPlease€provide€translations€and€judgments€for€the€following€examples€where€the€plural€pronounÐ 8 ˆ Ðis€Ô_ÔcoconstruedÔ_Ô€with€òòthe€boysóó€or€òòthe€Ô_ÔpoltiticiansÔ_Ôóó.€Ð $ t Ѐ€€€X20a)€The€boys€€saw€pictures€of€themselves/each€other/themÐ  ` Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€b)€Mary€told€the€boys€about€pictures€of€themselves/each€other/themÐ ü L  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€c)€The€politicians€planned€attacks€against€each€other.Ð è 8  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€d)€The€politicians€faked/simulated€attacks€against€themselves/them.€Ð Ô$  ÐÌ4.1.2.7€€Demoted€arguments€„€Refer€back€to€the€range€of€grammatical€function-changingÐ ¬ü  Ðoperations€(such€as€passive,€Ô_ÔantipassiveÔ_Ô,€applicative,€possessor€ascension,€dative€alternation)€thatÐ ˜è  Ðyou€considered€for€section€3.6€(if€you€did€that).€For€each€one,€construct€some€representativeÐ „Ô  Ðnon-reflexive€examples.€Then€apply€each€coreference€strategy€to€various€pairs€of€arguments€andÐ pÀ Ðreport€their€grammaticality€status.€It€might€be€easier€to€go€back€to€3.6€to€do€what€is€asked€thereÐ \¬ Ðonce€you€have€done€this€section.Ð H˜ ÐÌExample:€€(C15a„c)€have€been€Ô_ÔpassivizedÔ_Ô.€If€your€language€has€passive,€construct€reflexive€andÐ  p Ðnon-reflexive€versions€of€each€one€as€above.€For€English,€the€òòbyóó„phrases€in€(C15a,b)€are€notÐ  \ Ðinterpretable€as€"alone"€(see€3.6)€and€are€not€generally€regarded€as€acceptable€with€òòby€herselfóó.Ð øH ÐÌ€€€€€€C15a)€Polly€was€praised€by€XÐ Ð  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€b)€Polly€was€helped€by€XÐ ¼  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€c)€Little€is€known€by€Polly€about€X€(X€=€Polly)Ð ¨ø Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€d)€The€wax€melted€itselfÐ ”ä ÐÌThere€are€more€subtle€cases,€like€(C15d),€where€the€interpretation€is€not€equivalent€to€"the€waxÐ l¼ Ðmelted",€but€requires€an€odd€agency€for€the€subject€such€that€it€acted€on€itself€to€melt€itself.€TheÐ X ¨ Ðlatter€interpretation€requires€some€sort€of€Ô_ÔanimacyÔ_Ô€for€the€subject,€but€the€problem€for€C15d€inÐ D!” Ðthis€regard€is€can€be€mitigated,€insofar€as€it€is€possible€to€imagine€a€fairy€story€in€which€anÐ 0"€  Ðanimate€wax€character€Max€comÔ_ÔmitsÔ_Ô€suicide,€hence€òòMax€melted€himselfóó.Ð #l! ÐÌò ò4.1.3€€€Properties€of€antecedentsó óÐ ô$D # ÐÌ4.1.3.1€€Pronouns,€person€and€number€„€Consider€all€possible€person/number€combinations€forÐ Ì&"% Ðthe€subject€of€the€following€sentence.€(Once€again,€start€with€a€predicate€that€allows€use€of€theÐ ¸'#& Ðcurrent€strategy,€if€the€verb€meaning€"see"€does€not).€If€there€is€any€variation€in€judgements,Ð ¤(ô#' Ðprovide€examples€for€the€entire€paradigm.€Otherwise,€provide€a€couple€of€representativeÐ )à$( Ðexamples.€However,€in€some€languages,€a€strategy€that€works€for€singulars€does€not€work€forÐ |*Ì%) Ðplurals€(Danish,€for€example,€shows€such€asymmetries),€and€in€other€languages,€a€strategy€thatÐ h+¸&* Ðworks€for€third€person€does€not€work€for€first€and/or€second€person.Ð T,¤'+ Ї€€€€€€C16a)€I€saw€X.Ð ° Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€b)€€You€saw€X.€€€(etc.)Ð œì ÐÌRepeat€with€the€following€sentences,€or€other€suitable€examples€from€section€4.1.1.Ð tÄ ÐÌ€€€€€€C17a)€I€washed€X.Ð L œ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€b)€I€hate€X.Ð 8 ˆ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€c)€I€told€John€about€X€(X€=€myself)Ð $ t Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€d)€I€saw€a€snake€near€X€(X€=€myself)Ð  ` Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€e)€I€am€liked€by€X.Ð ü L  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€f)€I€telephoned€X's€mother€(X€=€myself)Ð è 8  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€g)€My€father€admires€X€(X€=€myself)Ð Ô$  ÐÌ4.1.3.2€€Ô_ÔAnimacyÔ_Ô€or€humanity„€If€Ô_ÔanimacyÔ_Ô€plays€a€role€in€choice€of€strategy€or€if€a€strategy€isÐ ¬ü  Ðrestricted€to€human€(or€metaphorically€human)€entities,€please€give€examples€showing€bothÐ ˜è  Ðsuccess€and€failure€of€the€strategy€in€a€way€that€illustrates€the€difference.Ð „Ô  ÐÌ€€€€€C18a)€History€repeats€XÐ \¬ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€b)€This€type€of€fish€cannibalizes€XÐ H˜ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€c)€This€machine€destroys€X€(e.g.,€after€you€use€it)Ð 4„ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ð  p Ð4.1.3.2€€€Pronoun€types€„€If€your€language€has€more€than€one€class€of€subject€pronouns€(e.g.,€cliticÐ  \ Ðand€non-clitic),€repeat€the€tests€of€the€previous€section€for€each€type.€Also€repeat€for€nullÐ øH Ðpronouns,€if€applicable.Ð ä4 ÐÌ4.1.3.4€€€Ô_ÔQuantifiersÔ_Ô€„€Provide€judgements€for€the€following€sentences.Ð ¼  ÐÌ€€€€€€C19a)€Every€woman€saw€X.Ð ”ä Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€b)€Every€child€washed€X.Ð €Ð Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€c)€Every€student€hates€X.Ð l¼ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€d)€Every€child€saw€a€snake€near€X.Ð X ¨ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€e)€Every€child€telephoned€X's€mother.Ð D!” Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€f)€Every€child's€father€admires€X.Ð 0"€  ÐÌRepeat,€replacing€the€quantifier€"Every€N"€with€"No€N",€and€if€any€quantified€antecedents€behaveÐ $X" Ðdifferently€from€these,€please€provide€the€same€paradigm.Ð ô$D # ÐÌ4.1.3.5€€Questioned€antecedents€„€X€is€coreferent€with€the€wh-word€in€all€of€the€following€(ifÐ Ì&"% ÐC20e€is€possible€in€your€language).€If€your€language€leaves€question€words€in€situ,€translateÐ ¸'#& Ðaccordingly,€and€if€your€language€allows€both€in€situ€and€fronted€questions,€then€provideÐ ¤(ô#' Ðexamples€of€both€possibilities€and€judgments€for€each€of€the€coreference€strategies.Ð )à$( ÐÌ€€€€€€C20a)€Who€saw€X?Ð h+¸&* Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€b)€Who€washed€X?Ð T,¤'+ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€c)€Who€saw€a€snake€near€X?Ð ° Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€d)€Who€telephoned€X's€mother?Ð œì Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€e)€Whose€father€admires€X?Ð ˆØ ÐÌ4.1.3.6€€€Reverse€binding€„€In€the€following€examples,€the€full€NP€('antecedent')€appears€in€theÐ `° Ðlower€(prototypically,€object)€position.€Try€to€translate€these€into€your€language.€It€is€expectedÐ L œ Ðthat€many€sentences€constructed€in€this€section,€possibly€all,€will€be€unacceptable€in€manyÐ 8 ˆ Ðlanguages€(as€*òòHimself€saw€Fredóó€is€in€English).€Naturally,€any€examples€which€are€notÐ $ t Ðungrammatical€are€of€particular€interest.€Assume€X€=€Fred€unless€otherwise€marked.Ð  ` ÐÌ€€€€€€C21a)€X€saw€Fred.Ð è 8  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€b)€X€saw€us.€(X€=€us)Ð Ô$  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€c)€X€saw€a€snake€behind€Fred.Ð À  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€d)€X€impressed€Fred€Ð ¬ü  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€e)€Bill€spoke€to€X€about€Fred.€Ð ˜è  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€f)€Bill€told€X€about€FredÐ „Ô  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€g)€X€was€praised€by€Fred.Ð pÀ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€h)€X€is€liked€by€you.€(X€=€you)Ð \¬ ÐÌIf€the€current€strategy€permits€a€possessive€position€to€be€coreferent€with€its€antecedent,€pleaseÐ 4„ Ðindicate€if€an€anaphor€or€a€pronoun€is€possible€in€the€position€of€X,€which€should€correspond€toÐ  p ÐGeorge€in€all€of€these€examples.Ð  \ ÐÌ€€€€€€C22a)€X€telephoned€George's€mother.Ð ä4 Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€b)€X's€mother€wanted€to€improve€George.€Ð Ð  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€c)€X's€mother€worried/impressed€George.€Ð ¼  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€d)€Mary€told€X's€mother€about€George.òòóó€Ð ¨ø Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€e)€A€picture€of€X's€mother€fell€on€George.€Ð ”ä Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€f)€A€picture€of€X's€mother€pleased€George.Ð €Ð ÐÌIn€some€languages,€it€is€possible€to€scramble€the€positions€of€argument€nominals€so€that€objectsÐ X ¨ Ðcan€precede€subjects,€or€perhaps€the€order€of€arguments€in€the€VP€is€less€fixed.€In€translatingÐ D!” Ðthese€cases€we€want€you€to€preserve€the€linear€order€of€X€before€its€antecedent€and€providing€aÐ 0"€  Ðjudgment€accordingly,€insofar€as€the€unmarked€word€order€of€your€language€allows.€Ð #l! ÐÌà  àPlease€let€us€know,€however,€if€word€order€in€your€language€is€fluid€enough€to€scrambleÐ ô$D # Ðarguments€in€such€a€way€that€the€linear€order€between€X€and€its€antecedent€could€change€(e.g.,€inÐ à%0!$ ÐEnglish,€this€would€be€a€form€of€Ô_ÔtopicalizationÔ_Ô,€such€as€òòJoÔ_ÔhnÔ_Ô,€his€mother€lovesóó,€which€EnglishÐ Ì&"% Ðinformants€do€not€always€agree€about).€This€we€will€not€explore€directly€in€this€questionnaire,€butÐ ¸'#& Ðwe€want€to€know€in€case€we€choose€to€do€follow€up€research€on€this€phenomenon.Ð ¤(ô#' ÐÌò ò4.1.4€€Some€matters€of€interpretationó óÐ |*Ì%) ÐÌ4.1.4.1€€€Distribution,€reflexivity€and€reciprocity€„€Select€and€translate€a€simple€exampleÐ T,¤'+ Ðillustrating€the€using€a€clausemate€coreference€strategy€successfully,€such€as€(C23).Ð ° ÐÌ€€€€€€C23)€The€women€help€X.Ð ˆØ ÐÌWhich€of€the€following€meanings€can€this€example€have?€Say€which€it€can€have€and€which€itÐ `° Ðcan't€have.€We€will€say€that€if€the€form€in€place€of€X€permits€at€least€(C24a)€or€(C24f)€as€aÐ L œ Ðreading,€then€the€form€in€question€permits€a€reciprocal€interpretation.Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌ€€€€€€C24a)€Each€woman€helps€all€(or€almost€all)€of€the€women,€excluding€herself.Ð  ` Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€b)€Each€woman€helps€all€of€the€women,€including€herself.Ð ü L  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€c)€Each€woman€helps€at€least€some€of€the€other€women.Ð è 8  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€d)€Each€woman€helps€herself.Ð Ô$  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€e)€The€women€together€as€a€group€help€the€women€together€as€a€group.Ð À  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€f)€Each€woman€helps€one€of€the€women€other€than€herself,€such€that€all€of€theÐ ¬ü  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€women€are€helped€by€one€of€the€others.Ð ˜è  ЀÌRemarksòò:€If€I€were€answering€this€for€English,€I€would€say€foròò€themselvesóó€in€place€of€X€thatÐ pÀ Ð(C24d,e)€are€clearly€possible,€while€(CD24b,c)€are€possible,€but€maybe€not€the€firstÐ \¬ Ðinterpretations€I€would€think€of.€However,€(CD2ba,e)€are€not€possible.€On€the€other€hand,€if€IÐ H˜ Ðwere€answering€for€òòeach€otheróó,€(C24a,e)€are€clearly€possible€and€probably€(C24f),€but€notÐ 4„ Ð(C24b,d),€and€I€am€not€sure€about€(C24c).Ð  p ÐóóÌTranslate€each€of€the€following€examples,€which€are€compatible€with€collective€action,€and€stateÐ øH Ðtheir€possible€interpretations€as€above.Ð ä4 ÐÌ€€€€€€C25a)€The€women€praised€X.Ð ¼  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€b)€The€women€will€support€X.Ð ¨ø Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€c)€The€women€photographed€X.Ð ”ä Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€d)€The€women€betrayed€X.Ð €Ð ÐÌIn€light€of€these€observations,€which€of€the€local€coreference€strategies€in€your€language€permitÐ X ¨ Ðonly€reciprocal€readings,€which€ones€permit€only€reflexive€readings,€and€which€ones€permit€both?€Ð D!” ÐÌà  àIf€this€strategy€can€have€both€reflexive€and€reciprocal€readings,€can€you€think€of€someÐ #l! Ðpredicates€in€which€it€is€ambiguous?€For€example,€in€German,€òòDie€Ô_ÔKinderenÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔwassenÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔsichÔ_Ôóó€canÐ $X" Ðmean€either€"the€children€are€washing€themselves"€or€"the€children€are€washing€each€other."Ð ô$D # ÐÌ4.1.4.2€€€Reciprocal€readings€„€Complete€this€section€only€if€your€strategy€allows€a€reciprocalÐ Ì&"% Ðreading€(i.e.,€permits€a€reading€like€those€in€(C24a)€or€(C24f).€If€the€strategy€is€ambiguous,€makeÐ ¸'#& Ðsure€to€use€verbs€that€allow€the€reciprocal€interpretation.Ð ¤(ô#' ÐÌa)€Which€of€the€following€verbs€can€the€strategy€be€applied€to?Ð |*Ì%) ÐÌ€€€€€€C26)€"meet",€€"see",€€"fight",€€"speak",€€"hit"Ð T,¤'+ Їb)€Does€the€strategy€allow€the€constructions€where€X€is€understood€to€be€a€reciprocal€which€has€aÐ ° Ðplural€antecedent€consisting€of€John€and€Bill€(i.e.,€it€would€be€understood€as€"John€and€Bill€sawÐ œì Ðeach€other").€Are€both€"see"€and€"meet"€possible€in€(C27),€or€is€only€one€sort€of€verb€acceptable?Ð ˆØ ÐÌ€€€€€€C27)€John€met/saw€X€with€Bill€(Meaning:€"John€and€Bill€met/saw€each€other.")Ð `° ÐÌc)€Is€there€any€difference€in€the€range€of€interpretations€permitted€for€(C28a)€as€opposed€toÐ 8 ˆ Ð(C28b),€or€any€difference€in€reciprocal€strategies€that€support€these€interpretations?€If€so,€tell€usÐ $ t Ðwhat€you€think€the€problem€is€and€provide€pairs€like€these€for€subsequent€tests€in€this€sectionÐ  ` Ð(and€let€us€know€if€male/female€gender€pairings€introduce€any€complications).Ð ü L  ÐÌ€€€€€€C28a)€John€and€Mary€praised€X.Ð Ô$  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€b)€The€women€praised€X.Ð À  ÐÌRemarks:òò€In€some€languages,€a€different€reciprocal€is€favored€or€required€when€the€antecedentÐ ˜è  Ðphrase€refers€to€pairs€(or€perhaps€distributed€groups)€rather€than€large€pluralities.óóÐ „Ô  ÐÌd)€Can€the€strategy€express€reciprocity€between€a€subject€and€an€indirect€object?Ð \¬ ÐÌ€€€€€€C29a)€John€and€Mary€spoke€to€X.Ð 4„ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€b)€John€and€Mary€met€with€X.Ð  p Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€c)€John€and€Mary€gave€this€book€to€X.Ð  \ ÐÌe)€Long-distance€reciprocal€readings€„€For€any€of€the€strategies€that€permit€a€reciprocal€reading,Ð ä4 Ðcan€the€following€sentence€be€translated€to€mean€"Bill€thinks€he€likes€Mary,€and€Mary€thinks€sheÐ Ð  Ðlikes€Bill"?Ð ¼  ÐÌ€€€€€€C30)€Bill€and€Mary€think€that€they€like€X.Ð ”ä ÐÌò ò4.2€€€€Cross-clausal€bindingó óÐ l¼ ÐÌà  àCases€of€coreference€across€clause€boundaries€fall€into€two€major€categories:€in€someÐ D!” Ðcases,€the€coconstrual€strategy€permits€relations€between€arguments€in€different€clauses€just€inÐ 0"€  Ðcase€the€distance€across€clauses€is€determined€by€a€relationship€that€is€in€principle€local.€InÐ #l! Ðlanguages€like€English,€the€X„SELF€strategy€can€be€used€to€relate€the€thematic€subject€of€aÐ $X" Ðsubordinate€clause€to€the€subject€of€the€immediately€higher€one,€as€in€(X4).Ð ô$D # ÐÌ€€€€€€X4)€John€expects€himself€to€win.Ð Ì&"% ÐÌThe€position€of€òòhimselfóó€is€taken€to€be€uniquely€the€thematic€subject€of€òòto€winóó€(not€the€object€ofÐ ¤(ô#' Ðòòexpectóó,€except€for€Case€assignment),€since€other€diagnostic€tests€show€that€the€infinitive€subjectÐ )à$( Ðis€uniquely€selected€by€the€lower€predicate€(as€in€examples€such€as€òòJohn€expects€all€hell€to€breakÐ |*Ì%) Ðlooseóó,€where€òòall€hellóó€is€never€selected€as€an€argument€of€any€predicate€except€òòbreak€looseóó€inÐ h+¸&* ÐEnglish).€However,€in€this€construction,€which€is€relatively€rare€Ô_ÔcrosslinguisticallyÔ_Ô,€theÐ T,¤'+ Ðantecedent€of€òòhimselfóó€is€still€found€in€the€local€domain€of€its€Case„assigner,€òòexpectóó€and€hence€ofÐ ° Ðthe€subject€of€òòexpectóó.€Other€languages€permit€just€the€subject€of€a€complement€clause€to€be€anÐ œì Ðanaphor€anteceded€by€the€matrix€subject,€but€still€the€relation€is€very€local.€Slightly€less€localÐ ˆØ Ðrelations€are€possible€in€languages€that€permit€anaphors,€forms€that€must€have€a€configurationalÐ tÄ Ðantecedent,€to€find€it€in€a€higher€clause€if€intervening€clauses€are€all€infinitives,€as€in€NorwegianÐ `° Ð(X5),€or€across€subjunctive€clauses,€as€in€Icelandic€(X6)€(if€the€intervening€verbs€are€notÐ L œ Ðsubjunctive,€then€SIG€cannot€be€used€in€(X6)).Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌ€€€€€X5)€òòJonóó€bad€€€€Ô_ÔossÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔforskeÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔfÔ_Ô€€€€deg€€€€€til€Ô_ÔÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔsnakkeÔ_Ô€pent€€€Ô_ÔomÔ_Ô€òò€€€Ô_ÔsegÔ_Ô.óóÐ  ` Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€Jon€asked€us€€€€€€€try€€€€to€get€you€€€€€to€€€€talk€€€€€€nicely€about€Ô_ÔSEGÔ_ÔÐ ü L  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€"Jon€asked€us€to€try€to€get€you€to€talk€nicely€about€him."Ð è 8  Ѐ€€€€X6)€Ô_ÔJð;ðnÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔsegirÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔaðWðÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔHaraldurÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔelskiÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔstlkunaÔ_Ô€sem€Ô_ÔhafiÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔkysstÔ_Ô€sig.Ð Ô$  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€Jon€said€that€Ô_ÔHaraldÔ_Ô€loves„Ô_ÔSUBJÔ_Ô€the„girl€that€€kissed„Ô_ÔSUBJÔ_Ô€SIGÐ À  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€"òòJonóó€said€that€Ô_ÔHaraldÔ_Ô€loves€the€girl€that€kissed€òòhimóó."Ð ¬ü  ÐÌOther€languages€have€forms€that€appear€to€require€an€antecedent€can€find€their€antecedent€acrossÐ „Ô  Ðalmost€any€sort€of€higher€tensed€clause,€as€in€Chinese.Ð pÀ ÐÌ€€€€€X7)€òòÔ_ÔZhangsanÔ_Ôóó€Ô_ÔshuoÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔLisiÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔchangÔ_Ô€piping€òòÔ_ÔzijiÔ_Ôóó€Ð H˜ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€Ô_ÔZhangsanÔ_Ô€say€Ô_ÔLisiÔ_Ô€often€criticize€Ô_ÔZIJIÔ_ÔÐ 4„ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€"òòÔ_ÔZhangsanÔ_Ôóó€says€that€òòÔ_ÔLisiÔ_Ôóó€often€criticizes€òòhimóó."€Ð  p ÐÌà  àHowever,€in€many€long€distance€antecedency€cases€like€Chinese€òòÔ_ÔzijiÔ_Ôóó,€there€are€quite€aÐ øH Ðnumber€of€semantic€and€discourse€conditions€that€appear€to€restrict€the€effect,€or€only€permit€itÐ ä4 Ðunder€certain€interpretations.€This€section€explores€whether€or€not€a€given€strategy€permits€a€non„Ð Ð  Ðclausemate€antecedent€and€if€so,€just€how€far€away€the€antecedent€can€be€and€what€sorts€ofÐ ¼  Ðconditions€restrict€it.€Ð ¨ø ÐÌò ò4.2.1€€Coreference€relations€across€typical€tensed€clausal€complementó óÐ €Ð ÐÌà  àPlease€translate€each€example€in€this€section€choosing€predicates€that€seem€to€mostÐ X ¨ Ðclosely€match€the€ones€employed€below.€Check€each€strategy€and€supply€judgments€about€theÐ D!” Ðresults.€Don't€forget€to€use€the€simple€pronoun€strategy,€which€in€many€languages€may€be€theÐ 0"€  Ðonly€one€that€works.Ð #l! ÐÌà  àIt€may€turn€out€that€coconstrual€across€clauses€will€reveal€a€new€strategy€that€does€notÐ ô$D # Ðcorrespond€to€any€of€the€ones€used€up€to€now.€For€example,€your€language€may€require€the€use€ofÐ à%0!$ Ða€particular€kind€of€pronoun€to€achieve€coreference€when€the€antecedent€is€the€thematic€believer,Ð Ì&"% Ðspeaker€or€Ô_ÔexperiencerÔ_Ô€of€a€higher€verb.€A€pronoun€in€a€complement€to€such€a€verb€may€not€beÐ ¸'#& Ðable€to€refer€back€to€the€antecedent€unless€it€has€a€form€that€is€not€used€for€clausemateÐ ¤(ô#' Ðcoreference€in€a€matrix€clause.€If€that€is€the€case,€then€your€language€probably€has€"logophors".€IfÐ )à$( Ðyou€think€this€is€so,€say€so€and€we€will€explore€that€at€a€later€point.Ð |*Ì%) ÐÌà  àIf€the€strategy€you€are€testing€involves€marking€on€the€verb€("verbal€reflexive"),€take€careÐ T,¤'+ Ðto€apply€it€to€the€embedded€clause.€In€other€words,€the€anaphoric€argument€should€be€in€theÐ ° Ðembedded€clause,€its€antecedent€in€the€matrix€clause.€For€example,€in€French,€the€reflexive€cliticÐ œì Ð(which€counts€as€a€verbal€affix€in€our€empirical€designation)€is€on€the€lower€verb€in€(X8)€but€itsÐ ˆØ Ðantecedent€is€òòJeanóó,€the€subject€in€the€higher€clause.€As€it€happens,€this€relationship€isÐ tÄ Ðunacceptable€in€French,€at€least€with€òòJeanóó€as€the€antecedent.Ð `° ÐÌ€€€€€€X8)€Jean€a€€€€€dit€€€Ô_ÔqueÔ_Ô€Marie€Ô_Ôs'aimeÔ_Ô.€(*SE€=€Jean,€OK€SE€=€Marie)òòóóÐ 8 ˆ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€Jean€has€said€that€Marie€SE€lovesÐ $ t Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€"Jean€said€that€Marie€loves€him."Ð  ` ÐÌIn€section€4.1.1.2,€you€will€be€asked€to€construct€a€sentence€like€(X9),€still€with€the€meaning€ofÐ è 8  Ð(X8)€where€SE=òòJeanóó€(the€reading€with€òòMarieóó€fails€for€another€reason).Ð Ô$  ÐÌ€€€€€€X9)**Jean€Ô_Ôs'aÔ_Ô€€€€€€€€dit€€€Ô_ÔqueÔ_Ô€Marie€Ô_ÔaimeÔ_Ô.€€(SE=Jean,€Marie)Ð ¬ü  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€Jean€SE„has€said€that€Marie€lovesÐ ˜è  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€"Jean€said€that€Marie€loves€him."€Ð „Ô  ÐÌIt€seems€that€the€SE€strategy€in€French€is€stubbornly€local,€in€that€the€SE€argument€must€be€closeÐ \¬ Ðto€its€thematic€source€(it€represents€the€object€the€verb€ððloveðð€of€the€lower€clause)€and€yet€SEÐ H˜ Ðmust€be€itself€closer€to€its€òòóóantecedent€than€embedding€in€a€tensed€sentence€allows,€so€neitherÐ 4„ Ðreading€(òòJeanóó€or€òòMarieóó€for€SEòò)óó€succeeds€in€French.€What€does€succeed€in€French€for€òòJeanóó€asÐ  p Ðantecedent€is€(X10)€(which€employs€an€independent€pronoun€in€the€form€of€a€clitic)€but€notÐ  \ Ð(X11),€where€the€clitic€corresponding€to€the€object€of€"love"€has€moved€from€the€lower€verb€toÐ øH Ðthe€higher€one,€again€moving€too€far€from€its€thematic€source€(the€object€of€ððloveðð).€In€otherÐ ä4 Ðwords,€it€looks€like€it€is€a€function€of€Ô_ÔcliticsÔ_Ô,€whether€SE€or€pronominal,€to€be€close€to€theirÐ Ð  Ðthematic€source,€but€what€can€count€as€the€antecedent€is€different,€in€that€SE€must€have€a€localÐ ¼  Ðantecedent€and€the€clitic€pronoun€must€not.Ð ¨ø ÐÌ€€€€€X10)€Jean€a€€€€€dit€€€Ô_ÔqueÔ_Ô€€Marie€€Ô_Ôl'aimeÔ_Ô.€€(OK€pronominal€òòl'óó€=€Jean,€*pronominal€òòlóóðð€=€Marie)Ð €Ð Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€Jean€has€said€that€Marie€€him„lovesÐ l¼ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€"Jean€has€said€that€Marie€loves€him."Ð X ¨ ÐÌ€€€€€X11)*Jean€Ô_Ôl'aÔ_Ô€€€€€€€€€€dit€€€€Ô_ÔqueÔ_Ô€€Marie€€Ô_ÔaimeÔ_Ô.€€(clitic€pronounòòóó€=€Jean/Marie)Ð 0"€  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€Jean€him„has€said€that€€Marie€€lovesÐ #l! Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€"Jean€has€said€that€Marie€loves€him."Ð $X" Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€Ð ô$D # Ðòòóóà  àIn€what€follows,€please€be€careful€to€use€verbs€compatible€with€the€strategy€you€areÐ à%0!$ Ðtesting,€as€determined€by€your€answers€earlier€in€the€questionnaire.€If€the€strategy€does€not€permitÐ Ì&"% Ða€subject€argument€to€be€marked,€please€try€to€formulate€what€it€would€look€like€and€mark€itÐ ¸'#& Ðunacceptable€according€to€the€strength€of€your€judgment.€It€is€just€as€important€to€tell€us€whichÐ ¤(ô#' Ðreadings€do€not€work€as€it€is€to€tell€us€which€readings€do,€so€please€pay€particular€attention€toÐ )à$( Ðindicating€which€is€which.Ð |*Ì%) ÐÌ4.2.1.1€Tensed€complement,€long€distance€relations,€anaphor€in€situ€„€Please€provide€translationsÐ T,¤'+ Ðfor€all€of€these€sentences€where€X€is€Jack.Ð ° ÐÌ€€€€€€D1a)€Jack€said€that€X€is€smart.Ð ˆØ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€b)€Jack€knows€that€George€likes€X.Ð tÄ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€c)€Jack€knows€that€Bill€said€that€X€is€smart.Ð `° Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€d)€Jack€thinks€that€Lisa€knows€that€Wendy€likes€X.Ð L œ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€e)€Jack€thinks€that€Lisa€knows€that€X€likes€Alice.Ð 8 ˆ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€f)€Sarah€told€Jack€that€Lisa€loves€X.Ð $ t Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€g)€Sarah€told€Jack€that€X€loves€Wendy.Ð  ` ÐÌIf€any€of€the€above€examples,€or€any€analogous€examples€you€provide,€are€grammatical€using€aÐ è 8  Ðparticular€coreference€strategy,€we€consider€this€strategy€to€be€a€long-distance€coreference